Project Report
On
LOCALIZATION & RECTIFICATION
OF
OPTICAL FIBER
Under the Guidance of
Mr. S. KHANDELWAL(S.D.E.)
Submitted by:
JAGRITI SAHU
BHARTI SAHU
NISHA TARAM
RAKHI DESHMUKH
BHARTI SAHU
BATCH 03-A
LOCALIZATION & RECTIFICATION OF
OPTICAL FIBER FAULT
OBJECTIVE
 INTRODUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER
 CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER
 PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER
 OPTICAL FIBER FAULTS
 RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER
 INSTRUMENT USED IN RECTIFICATION OF
OPTICAL FIBER
 ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER
 DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER
OPTICAL FIBER
An optical fiber is a flexible,
transparent fiber made of very pure
glass(silica).
It acts as a “wave guide ” or “light
pipe” to transmit light between the two
ends of the fiber.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber
optics communication.
CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER
The main purpose of a fiber
optic cable is to protect the fiber core
inside the cable that carries the light
signal transmission.
OPTICAL FIBER
CORE:The fiber core is made of silica glass and is the
central part of the optical cable that carries the light
signal.
Diameter – 8 micro meter for single mode fiber
- 50 meter or 62.5 meter for multi
mode fiber
CLADDING:The cladding is also made of glass, and is
the layer that surrounds the fiber core. Together,
they form a single solid fiber of gless that is used for
the light transmission. The diameter of the cladding
is typically 125micro meter.
BUFFER
The is third layer, buffer coating are UVcurved urethane composite materials applied
to the outside of the fiber during the drawing
process.
JACKET
The last layer is the cable jacket,
which are comprised of different materials
depending on the choice of the end user and
the application in use. Like the primary
coating, they serve only a mechnical
protection ti the fiber core and cladding
inside.
PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER
An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric
waveguide (nonconducting waveguide) that
transmits light along its axis, by the process
of total internal reflection.
The fiber consists of a core
dielectric materials.To confine the optical
signal in the core,the refrative index of the
core must be greater than that of the
cladding.
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIEBER
 Single mode optical fiber: Multi mode optical fiber:Single Mode Optical Fiber
 In fiber optics communication, a single mode optical
fiber is an optical fiber designed to carry only a
single ray of light.
 Single mode fibers can have a higher bandwidth
than multimode fibers.Equipment for single mode
fiber is more expensive than equipment for
multimode optical fiber, but the single mode fiber
itself is usully cheaper in bulk.
MULTI MODE OPTICAL FIBER
Multi mode optical fiber(MM fiber) is a optical
fiber mostly used for communication over
short distance such as within a building or
on a campus.
The equipment used for
communications over multimode optical fiber
is much less expensive than that for single
mode optical fiber.
OPTICAL FIBER FAULTS
The physical cable or connector
damage
The cable physical damage
Partial failure of the connector
Line graph error
The local cable damage.
Reason for fault
 Mostly due to improper constrution methods or
accidental damage to network cables and other
causes.
 Mainly due to the tight binding between the short
circuit caused the cable,because cable nails
embedded in gold scrap, stripping header damaged
insulation and cable multi-conductor lead wire
insulation faults exposed.
 Mainly as a result of the cable twisted , bending
radious is too small the drag force exceeds the
mechanical strength of the cable cause by cable
damage, and many more appear in the new wiring
project.
RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER
 As mention above, optical fiber has different types of
fault, and techniques which are for recovering the
dameges of optical fiber are known as Rectification
of optical fiber.
 Some specific instrument are used for rectification
of optical fiber fault are as follows: Optical time domain reflectometer(OTDR)
 Fusion splicing
 Optical power meter.
INSTRUMENT USED FOR RECTIFICTION OF
OPTICAL FIBER
Optical time domain
reflectometer(OTDR)
An OTDR is an
optoelectronic
instrument used to
characterise an
optical fiber.
FUSION SPLICING
Fution splicing is the act of
joining two optical fiber
end to end using heat.
The goal is to fuse
the two fiber together in
such a way that light
passing though the fibers
is not scattered or
reflected back by the
splice.
OPTICAL POWER METER (OPM)
An optical power meter (opm) is a
device used to measure the
power in an optical signal. The
term usually refers to a device
for testing average power in
fiber optic systems.
A typical OPM consists
of a calibrated sensor,
measuring amplifier and
display. The sensor primerily
consists of a photodiode
selected for the appropriate
range of wavelenths and power
levels.
PEN TYPE VISUAL FAULT LOCATOR
Pen type visual fault locator FLP-3312
is simple, easy to use instrument
with stable output designed to
locate faults on fiber optical
cables.
When a break or sharp bend exists in
a fiber ,the red light from the
visible fault locator will indicate the
trouble spot .
Application of pen type visual fault
locator: Locating troubles in splice trays
 Patch panels
 Cable splice points
 Tracing fiber runs
ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER
The advantage of optical fiber is:



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Enormous Bandwidths
Low transmission loss
Immunity to cross talk
Electric isolation
Small size and weight
Signal security
Ruggedness and flexibility
Low cost and availability
DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER
The disadvantage of optical fiber are: High cost of installation
 Fragility- optical fiber are more fragile than
electrical wires.
 Requires special skill- Optical fibers can
not be joined together as a easily as copper
cable
 Affected by chemicals.