“Lighting the Way to
Technology through Innovation”
The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics
University at Buffalo
EMERGING OPPPRTUNITIES
IN
PHOTONICS
P.N.Prasad
www.biophotonics.buffalo.edu
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics
Mission

Multidisciplinary Frontier Research in Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics
Federal, State and Industrial Support ($26 million)

Education and Training
NSF-funded Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training (IGERT)
NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)

Industrial Collaboration – Co-development, Industrial training, advanced
testing

Technology Transfer - 3 spin off companies (ACIS, Hybrid Technologies and
NanoBiotix); Three patents licensed in 2004

International collaboration – joint research, student exchange, joint workshop
Biophotonics
Nanophotonics
Quantum
Information
Processing
Nonlinear Photonics
EMERGING
OPPPRTUNITIES
IN
PHOTONICS
Spintronics,
Optical Trapping
Spinphotonics
Femtosecond
Photonics
QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING
• Quantum Computing
• Coherent Control
• Photon Entanglement
• Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
• Slow Light
• Quantum Encryption
•
Quantum Imaging
Quantum Coherence and Interference
Quantum superposition
and the resulting
parallelism
X. Hu, University at Buffalo
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
3
Medium is transparent for probe (w23) beam
when pumped by high intensity pump (w13) beam
w23
w13
2
1
Proposed independently by O.Kocharovskaya & Ya.Khanin (Russia,
1988) and S.E.Harris (USA, 1989). First experimentally demonstrated
by S.E.Harris in 1991 (strontium vapor).
Applications:
• Slowing down the light
• Enhanced optical nonlinearity of media
• Laser without inversion
K.–J. Boller, A. Imamolu, and S. E. Harris
PRL 66, 2593-2596 (1991).
Our Approach: Electromagnetically-Induced
Transparency in Nanocomposites
•Rare-earth ions containing nanocrystallites in glass
or polymer (Pr3+ ions)
- choice of ions (localized states insensitive to
long range order) to reduce inhomogeneous
dephasing.
- choice of surrounding crystalline lattice of
low frequency phonons to reduce phononinduced dephasing.
- ease of processing into films, fibers, and
waveguides.
NONLINEAR PHOTONICS
• Multiphoton Processes
• Electro-Optics Polymers
• Photorefractivity at Communication
Wavelengths
• Chiral Nonlinearity
Multifunctional Materials
Multiphoton Up-conversion Lasing:
IR – to – Visible Up-conversion
}
Two-photon process
}
Three-photon process
}
Four-photon process
Applications
2-Photon Photocuring
2-Photon Nanofabrication
Low Energy Cure
Photodynamic Therapy
Noninvasive Cancer Treatment
Couplers, Gratings
Sensor Platforms
MPA
Macromolecules
2-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy
NDE of Paint
Bio-imaging
Bio Detection
Detector
Diode-Laser
Lens
Flourophor
Nano-particles
Flow Cell
Bacteria
Membrane
3 D Optical Data Storage
2&3-Photon Pumped Upconverted Lasing
Blue Light From a Plastic Laser
1000 CDs in 1 cm 3
Vaia, AFRL
Three- Photon Excited
Amplified Emission
pump
pump
lpump=1300nm
Four-Photon Excited
Amplified Emission
lemmax=553nm
He et al., Nature 415, 767 (2002)
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
lpump=1770nm
lemmax=553nm
FEMTOSECOND PHOTONICS
• Femto-second Laser Technology
• Broadband Optical Communications
• Femto-second Laser Materials Processing
• Femto-second Laser Surgery
Benefits: TIME RESOLUTION, HIGH INTENSITY, WIDE BANDWIDTH
FEMTOSECOND LASERS
• Sub-2-cycle pulses
• Phase control
• Optical clocks
ULTRAFAST STUDIES
• Transient nonlinear spectroscopy
• Coherent optical phonons
• Semiconductor dynamics
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
• Two-photon microscopy
• Optical coherence tomography
• Femto-laser surgery
MICRO-MACHINING
• Waveguide fabrication
COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
• Spectrally sliced WDM
• Ultra-high bit rate OTDM
Erich P. Ippen, MIT
Erich P. Ippen, MIT
FEMTOSECOND CONTINUUM MULTIPHOTON SPECTROSCOPY
Heavy water cell
Strip attenuator
Focusing lens
Collimating lens
Iris
(Continuum beam)
CCD-array
detector
Mode-locked
Ti:sapphire
laser oscillator
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Pulsed Ti:sapphire
laser amplifier
(Pump beam)
~790 nm
~140 fs
1 kHz
~150 mW
Iris
3D- Optical Micro/Nano-fabrication using femtosecond pulses
Two-photon process
Two-photon fabrication
3D- Optical Circuits
200
mm
MEMS : Micro/Nano fabrication
One Photon recording
Width
150 nm
70 nm
Period
290 nm
160 nm
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Two Photon recording
OPTICAL TRAPPING
• Laser Cooling
• Measurement of Weak Forces
• Dynamically Reconfigurable Assemblies and Patterns
• Biological Manipulation
Measurement of colloidal forces in liquid crystal
Perpendicular anchoring: dipole interaction (F~1/d4)
Tangential anchoring: quadruple interaction (F~1/d 6)
Micro-particles in
Nematic Liquid Crystal
with uniform director:
different type of anchoring
results in different
inter-particle interaction
Director
In collaboration with Smalyukh and Lavrentovich, ILC, Kent State University
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Measurement of line tension in liquid crystal
In collaboration with Smalyukh and Lavrentovich, ILC, Kent State University
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Living Cell Trapping and
Stretching
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Multiple trapping by one beam
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
NANOPHOTONICS
Nanoscale Optical Interaction and Dynamics
Nonradiative Processes for Photonic Functions/Dynamics : <10 nm
Optically Induced Photonic Functions/Dynamics:
Manifestations:
 Size Dependent Optical Transitions
 Novel Optical Resonances
 Nano-control of Excitations Dynamics
 Manipulation of Light Propagation
 Nanoscopic Field Enhancement
sub wavelengths
Nanophotonics
Paras N. Prasad
John Wiley & Sons, 2004
1: Introduction
2: Foundations for Nanophotonics
3: Near-Field Interaction and Microscopy
4: Quantum-Confined Materials
5: Plasmonics
6: Nanocontrol of Excitation Dynamics
7: Growth and Characterization of nanomaterials
8: Nanostructured Molecular Architectures
9: Photonic Crystals
10: Nanocomposites
11: Nanolithography
12: Biomaterials and Nanophotonics
13: Nanophotonics for Biotechnology and Nanomedicine
14: Nanophotonics and the Market Place
High Data Transfer Rate
High Density Data
Storage
Space-ground
Communication
Polymer Electro-optics
Two-photon Technology
Nanophotonics
for
Information
Technology
High Contrast Large
Area and Ultra Thin
Flexible Display
Photonic Based Smart
Sensor for Remote
Health Monitoring
Polymer LED
Sensors with Photonic
Processing
High Bandwidth Multilevel
Photonic Processing with
Reconfigurable
Interconnects
Three-D Optical Circuits,
Photonics Crystals,
Rollable, Light Weight,
Large Area Photovoltaics
Solar Harvesting,
Broadband and
Multifunctional
Nanocomposites
Nanocomposites for Broad Band and
Efficient Photovoltaic, Solar Cells,
Photorefractivity at Communication Wavelengths
Hole transporting polymer + Inorganic semiconductor
quantum dots
Features:
• Efficient photosensitization over a broad wavelength covering
from UV to IR by choice of the size and type of inorganic
• Enhanced carrier mobility of nanocomposites for improved
collection efficiency
InP, and InP/II-VI-Core-Shell Nanocrystals
Quantum Engineering of InP/II-VI Core-shell nanocrystals
II-VI
II-VI
InP
InP
Core/Shell nanocrystal
InP/CdS
InP/CdSe Etched InP InP/ZnS
Etched InP nanocrystals and
Core-Shell nanocrystals (302nm
excitation)
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
II-VI
Core/Buffer/Shell nanocrystal
(also magnetic nanocrystals)
Size Tuning of Photosensitization in IR
using PbSe Quantum Dots
Photogeneration Quantum
Efficiency of PbSe Quantum Dots:
PVK nanocomposites at 1.55µm
(Dispersion in tetrachloroethylene)
2.0
-2
4.0x10
Photogeneration QE,  [%]
Absorbance [a.u.]
1.5
1.0
0.5
-2
3.0x10
-2
2.0x10
-2
1.0x10
0.0
0.0
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Wavelength [nm]
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
2200
0
10
20
30
Applied Field, E0 [V/mm]
40
50
Asymmetric Two-Beam Coupling in PbSe
nanocrystal sensitized PR composite:
photorefractivity at 1.55 mm
3.5
3.0
intensity [a.u.]
Two Beam Coupling in the hybrid
photorefractive device
2.5
2.0
Beam 1
Beam 2
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
20
40
60
time [sec]
80
100
120
Photonic Crystals
Nanostructured Dielectrics
3D
2D
1D
Novel Manifestations in Photonic Crystals
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Field enhancement
0.3
- Low threshold lasing
- Enhanced nonlinear optical effects
0.2
0.1
0.0
X
U
L
G
X
W
K
Wavevector [p/a]
Complex band structure
1.50
Effective refractive index
Normalized frequency
1.1
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
0.1
520nm
1560nm
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized frequency
Superprism effect
- Negative refraction
- Large angle deflection
- Ultradiffraction
Anomalous refractive index dispersion
- Control of light propogation
- Phase-matching for harmonic generation
- Self-collimation
Third-Harmonic Generation in Photonic Crystals
40 nm off
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
I  500GW/cm2
Photonic Crystal Defect Engineering: Microcavites, Optical Circuitry
Two-photon fluorescence
P. Crystal
Objective
Infiltration with
Resin & 2-photon
Lithography
Grating
One-photon fluorescence
P. Crystal &
Linear Defects
1x2 Beam Splitter
(5microns below surface)
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Opportunities in Nanophotonics
• Power Generation and Conversion
• Information Technology
• Sensor Technology
• Nanomedicine
Biosensors
Bioimaging
Microarrays
Flow Cytometry
Laser Tweezers
and Scissors
Biophotonics
Nanomedicine
NonViral
Gene Therapy
Photodynamic
Therapy
Introduction to Biophotonics
Paras N. Prasad
(John Wiley & Sons, 2003)
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Introduction
Fundamentals of Light and Matter
Basics of Biology
Fundamentals of Light-Matter Interactions
Principles of Lasers, Current Laser Technology, and Nonlinear Optics
Photobiology
Bioimaging: Principles and Techniques
Bioimaging: Applications
Biosensors
Microarray Technology for Genomics and Proteomics
Flow Cytometry
Light-Activated Therapy: Photodynamic Therapy
Tissue Engineering with Light
Laser Tweezers and Laser Scissors
Nanotechnology for Biophotonics: Bionanophotonics
Biomaterials for Photonics
Nanomedicine
A vision for future health, utilizing cross-fertilization of
nanotechnology and biology to produce novel
approaches
• for probing biological processes at the molecular,
subcellular and cellular levels.
• For sensing and bioimaging of biological events
• For incorporating multimodal diagnostics
• For implementing effective and safe targeted
therapy
Folate Receptor Mediated Quantum Dot Imaging
ZnS
InP(nc)
O
S
H
N
C
C
H2
N
H
C
O
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Folic Acid
Quantum dots for bio-imaging under two-photon excitation
Transmission
Luminescence image
Receptor mediated endocytosis of InP ZnS Core Shell Quantum dots with
folic acid in KB cells . KB cells are known to be Folate receptor positive
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Multimodal Imaging
COOH
OH
HOOC
HOOC OH
COOH
HOOC COOH
HOOC
OH
HOOC
COOH
HOOC
HO
COOH
COOH
HOOC
HO
COOH
HOOC
i
Fluorescent dye
Fe3O4 H O O
OH
nanoparticleH O O C
50 µm
COOH
COOH
OH
HOOC
HOOC
COOH
OH
COOH
HOOC
HOOC OH
COOH
COOH
Enhanced
Contrast MRI
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
In vivo
fluorescence
imaging
Enhanced MRI
Contrast for Cancer
Enhanced In Vivo
Imaging for Drug
And Therapeutic Action
NANOMEDICINE:
Nanotechnology in
Biomedical Systems
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Photodynamic Therapy
Porphyrin
hn
Porphyrin
+
O2
O2 singlet
( Localizes and
accumulates
at tumor sites )
Destroys
Cancerous Cells
Bifunctional Chromophores for Photodynamic Therapy.
Real time monitoring of drug distribution, localization and activation.
OC6H13
H3C
CH3 H3C
CH3
NH
Photosensitizer
N
C2H5
N
HN
H3C
CH3
O
HN C
O
c
P
P
S
N+ CH=CH
CH2
P P
CH CH
O
CH2CH2CH2 S OO
c
N
CH2
O
CH2CH2CH2 S ONa
O
Fluorophore for imaging
Conditions:
•Photosensitizer absorbs at a shorter wavelength than the fluorophore
•No significal energy transfer from the photosensitizer to the fluorophore
•At the excitation of fluorophore no photodynamic therapeutic action.
Collaboration: Dr. R. Pandey, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Studies of PDT efficacy in vitro
and uptake of the conjugate in vivo
Dr. R. Pandey, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
Blood
Blood
Muscle
Liver
Tumor
Kidney
Spleen
Brain
Heart
pancreas
Skin Adrenal
A
Muscle
Liver
Tumor
Kidney
Spleen
Brain
Heart
High
Skin Adrenal
B
Low
Distribution of 5 in various
organ parts at (A) 48 and (B)
72 h post injection from RIF
tumor bearing mice; imaging
by fluorescence from cyanine
fluorophore
Optically Trackable ORMOSIL Nanoparticles
for Gene Delivery (FRET)
hn’”
hn’
FRET
EthD-1
HPPH
ORMOSIL (20 nm)
(intercalated into DNA)
DNA
hn”
I. Roy, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, D. J. Bharali, H. E. Pudavar, R. A. Mistretta, N. Kaur, and P. N. Prasad. PNAS, 102 (2): 279 (2005).
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
In Vitro Uptake and Transfection of Cells by ORMOSIL/DNA
Nanoparticles
DNA delivered
into cell
nuclei
Cellular Uptake of DNA loaded ORMOSIL
nanoparticles and subsequent translocation
of DNA into the nucleus of the cell
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
eGFP expression
Expression of eGFP in cells
transfected with eGFP ORMOSIL
nanoparticles vector
Gene transfer into neural Stem/Progenitor cells
In vivo Imaging of EGFP Expression
The Institute for Lasers Photonics and Biophotonics
Opportunities in Biophotonics
• In vivo Bioimaging, Spectroscopy, and Optical
Biopsy
• Nano-Biophotonic Probes
• Single Molecule Biofunctions
• Multiphoton Processes for Biotechnology
• Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Interactions
Acknowledgements
Researchers at the Institute:
Prof. G. S. He
Prof. M. Samoc
Prof. E. Bergey
Prof. A. Cartwright
Prof. M. Swihart
Prof. E. Furlani
Dr. P.Markowicz
Dr. A. Kachynski
Dr. A. Kuzmin
Dr. Y. Sahoo
Dr. H. Pudavar
Dr. T. Ohulchanskyy
Dr. D. Bharali
Dr. D. Lucey
Dr. K. Baba
Dr. J. Liu
Outside Collaborators
Prof. R.Boyd
Prof. M. Stachowiak
Dr. A. Oseroff
Dr. R. Pandey
Dr. J. Morgan
Dr. P Dandona
DURINT/AFSOR
NSF
NIH
Oishei Foundation