眼见为实？
单摆运动变成圆锥摆运动
(a)为左眼戴墨镜时看到的圆锥摆运动为俯视顺时针方向，
(b)为右眼戴墨镜时看到的圆锥摆运动为俯视逆时针方向
“戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第24 卷
Structure of eyes and retina
Schematic diagram of the vertebrate eye
Rods are most densely packed about 3mm away from fovea;
Cones are located largely in fovea, where they are 150000mm-2
Section of retina
Two types of vision mode
1.Scotopic vision: rods
2.Photopic vision: cones
In a normal eye, about 6 million
cones and about 120 million rods.
The characterization of rods and cones
the structures of rod and cone
Rods can respond for low intensity light—10-9lx, about
100 times more sensitive than cones but have long
response time, about 100ms;
Cones have less sensitive than rods and shorter
response time, about 20ms.
Rod and cone photoreceptors: Molecular basis of the difference in their
physiology Satoru Kawamura , Shuji Tachibanaki，Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 150 (2008) 369–377
弱光下看物体的适当方法
此处视杆细胞
密度最大
17.2mm
3mm
眼睛的生理结构和屈光系统
眼睛的屈光系统简化图
在黑暗中想要看清楚物体方法不是直接盯着物体看，而是大约偏离物体方向10o左右
Response curves of rods and cones
Relative intensity of absorbance
There are three types of cones, about 64% of the
cones are red sensitive (L-type ones), about 32% are
green sensitive (M-type ones), and about 2% are blue
sensitive (S-type ones).
Wavelenth/nm
Human spectral sensitivity curves. (1) scotopic
sensitivity;(2) photopic sensitibity;
Circles: Absorption spectrum of human rod
pigment.
The Senses, Horace Basil Barlow,J. D. Mollon
Simplified human cone response curves, based on Dicklyon's
PNG version, itself based on data from Stockman, MacLeod
& Johnson (1993) Journal of the Optical Society of America
A, 10, 2491-2521d
Color blindness
There are three types of inherited or congenital
color vision deficiencies:
1.monochromacy: monochromacy occurs
when two or all three of the cone pigments are
missing and color and lightness vision is
reduced to one dimension.
2.dichromacy: a moderately severe color vision
defect in which one of the three basic color
mechanisms is absent or not functioning.]
3.anomalous trichromacy: a common type of
inherited color vision deficiency, occurring
when one of the three cone pigments is altered
in its spectral sensitivity.
Dichromacy
The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with no
color vision deficiencies.
The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with
deuteranopia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness
The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person
with protanopia
The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person
with tritanopia.
Night Blindness
1. A disorder in which the rod cells in the retina gradually lose their ability
to respond to the light
2.Deficiency of retinol, or vitamin A, found in fish oils, liver and dairy
products
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrots
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War
单摆运动变成圆
锥摆运动的解释
(a) 单摆从A运动到B；(b) 单摆从B运动到A
“戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第24 卷
Find a black dot
http://www.visionrx.com/library/optical_illusion1.asp
Blowing in the Wind
Are the long diagonal lines bending?
http://www.visionrx.com/library/optical_illusion1.asp
A snapshot of the "color dove
illusion"