Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Approved by: Alison King & Maureen Bain
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

START!
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

Male
• Male Reproduction Q1
• Male Reproduction Q2
Female
• Female Reproduction Q3
• Female Reproduction Q4

D
A
Canine – Contrast Injection
C
B
Canine – Contrast injection - arteries
• (i) What is A ?
– Urinary Bladder
– Prostate
– Testis
• (ii) What is B ?
– Penis
– Pelvic Urethra
– Spermatic Cord
• (iii) What is C ?
– Urinary Bladder
– Prostate
– Testis
• (iv) What is D ?
– Os Penis
– Pelvic Urethra
– Penile Urethra

 Correct 
• Yes! A is the Urinary
Bladder !
• It appears very white or radioopaque on this image because radiographic contrast medium has been introduced into it.
• It is also not completely full which is why the walls appear irregular.
Urinary Bladder
Canine
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the Prostate.
• The Prostate is not usually visible on x-rays.
• The Prostate surrounds the urethra as it exits the bladder - its location is shown by the circle.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
Feline • No, A is not the Testis.
• The Testes are found outside the body expect when they have been retained in a condition called Cryptorchidism .
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Testes

 Correct 
• Yes! B is the Pelvic Urethra !
• The Urethra is not usually visible on x-rays.
• It appears very white or radioopaque on this image because radiographic contrast medium has been introduced into it.
• It is continuous with the penile urethra
Penile urethra
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Penis.
• The Root of the Penis is marked on this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose another question.
Root of the Penis

 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Spermatic Cord.
• The Spermatic Cord is not visible on x-rays as it is a soft tissue structure and is too small to be seen.
• Try again!
• Choose another question.

 Correct 
• Yes! C is the Testis !
Feline
• They are outside the body as gamete production is optimal below body temperature.
• Try (iv)!
• Choose a new question.
Testes

 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Urinary
Bladder.
• Remember: the Urinary
Bladder is located within the abdomen!
Urinary Bladder
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Canine

 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Prostate.
• Remember: The Prostate is not usually visible on x-rays. It surrounds the urethra as it exits the bladder - its location is shown by the circle.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

 Correct 
• Yes!
D is the Os Penis !
• This structure is bone opacity and is therefore visible on x-rays.
– Remember, only cats and dogs have an Os Penis!
• Try Male Reproduction Q2!
• Choose a new question.
Os Penis

 Incorrect 
• No, D is not the Pelvic Urethra.
• Remember: The Pelvic Urethra is located within the pelvis and becomes the Penile
Urethra once it enters the penis.
• The urethra is not visible on xrays unless contrast medium has been introduced into it
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Pelvic Urethra
Penile Urethra
Root of the Penis

 Incorrect 
• No, D is not the Penile
Urethra.
• The Penile Urethra does run through this region but is not visible on x-rays unless contrast medium has been introduced into it.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Penile Urethra

Contrast Injection
A
C
B
• (i) What type of animal do you think A is from?
– Carnivore
– Horse
– Ruminant/Boar
• (ii) Part B is unique to these animals. What is it?
– Sigmoid Flexure
– Os Penis
• (iii) What species is C?
– Cat
– Dog
• (iv) Is it male or female?
– Male
– Female

• Yes! A is from a
Ruminant !
 Correct 
Bovine Penis
• Ruminants and Boars have Fibro-elastic penises; as opposed to
Musculo-cavernous ones.
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
• No, A is not from a
Carnivore.
Canine
• Carnivores have
Musculo-cavernous penises with an Os Penis.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Os Penis

 Incorrect 
• No, A is not from a Horse.
• Horses have Musculo-cavernous penises like
Carnivores but they do not have an Os Penis.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

 Correct 
• Yes! B is the Sigmoid
Flexure .
Bovine
• It is palpable caudal to the scrotum in life.
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
Sigmoid
Flexure

 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Os
Penis.
Canine
• Ruminants and Boars do not have an Os
Penis. Only Carnivores do.
Os Penis
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

• Yes! C is a Dog !
 Correct 
Canine
• Remember: the pelvis is more curved in shape in the dog than the cat.
• Try (iv)!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
• No, C is not a Cat!
Feline
• The pelvis in a Cat is more box-shaped than in the dog.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

 Correct 
• Yes! C is a male Dog !
• You can see the Os
Penis lying to one side of the spine.
• Try Female
Reproduction Q3!
• Choose a new question.
Os Penis

 Incorrect 
• No, C is not a female
Dog.
• Hint: look carefully in the sacral spine region.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

B
C
A
• (i) What is A ?
– Vestibule
– Vagina
– Body of Uterus
• (ii) What is B ?
– Uterine Tubes
– Body of Uterus
– Horns of Uterus
• (iii) What is C ?
– Ovary
– Kidney

 Correct 
• Yes! A is the Vagina !
• With the introduction of contrast medium, the muscosal folds are visible
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Vagina

 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the vestibule.
• Remember: the vestibule is located caudal to the pelvis.
• It contains the urethral orifice.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Vestibule

 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the Body of the Uterus.
• The Body of the Uterus is located within the abdomen and is much narrower in diameter.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Body of the Uterus

 Correct 
• Yes! B is a Uterine Horn !
• There are two Uterine
Horns which communicate caudally with the single Uterine
Body.
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
Uterine
Horn
Uterine
Horn

 Incorrect 
• No, B is not a Uterine
Tube.
Uterine Tube
• There are 2 Uterine
Tubes which run between the Ovaries and the Uterine Horns.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Body of the
Uterus.
• The Body of the Uterus is a singular structure and is located in the caudal abdomen between the uterine horns and the cervix.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Body of the
Uterus

• Yes! C is an Ovary !
 Correct 
Ovary
• The Ovaries lie close to the caudal poles of the Kidneys.
• Try Female Reproduction Q4!
• Choose a new question.

 Incorrect 
• No, C is not a Kidney.
• The Kidneys are much larger structures and are in a more cranial location.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Kidney

• (i) Can you tell what species this is?
– Answer.
• (ii) Can you tell how many foetuses there are?
– Answer.

• This is a Cat !
• Remember: The vertebrae are longer and finer than in the dog. Also the feline pelvis is more box-shaped than the dog although only the cranial aspect is visible in this x-ray (box).
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.

• There are 4 foetuses!
• The easiest way to work out the number of foetuses present is to count the skulls.
• Back to the Start!