SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND
FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS
LOCATION OF
STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND
VALUE OF
STRUCTURE
AND
CONTENTS
EXPOSURE
MODEL
VULNERABILITY IS THE ULTIMATE
CAUSE OF RISK
QUALITY OF
DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF
LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY
MODEL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE
DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO
GROUND SHAKING
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,
% OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
V
VI
VII
INTENSITY
VIII
IX
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
AN INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKE 400 KM FROM
PLATE BOUNDARY-- “A SURPRISE”
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
 MAGNITUDE
7.7
 JUST BEFORE
0900 ON A
HOLIDAY (51st
Republic Day)
 20,000
DEAD
 167,000 INJURED
 400,000 HOMES
DESTROYED
 600,000
HOMELESS
STRICKEN URBAN CENTERS
BHUJ,
 AHMEDABAD
(150,000),
20 km from
epicenter
Devastated
(5.6 MILLION)
 50 multi-story
buildings
collapsed
Over 1 million structures
damaged or destroyed.
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…)
intersect at a point in space and time.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
 When
it does happen, the
functions of the community’s
buildings and infrastructure
can be LOST for long periods.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
 The
community is UNPREPARED for what will
likely happen, not to
mention the low-probability
of occurrence—highprobability of adverse
consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
 The
community has NO
DISASTER PLANNING
SCENARIO or WARNING
SYSTEM in place as a strategic
framework for early threat
identification and coordinated
local, national, regional, and
international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
 The
community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND in
a timely and effective
manner to the full spectrum
of expected and unexpected
emergency situations.
MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER RESILIENCE
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
EARTHQUAKES
• EVENT
EXPECTED
LOSS
• BENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
POLICY
ADOPTION
EARTHQUAKE RISK
•QUAKE HAZARDS
•PEOPLE & BLDGS.
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
INDIA’S
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
PREPAREDNESS FOR
ALL OF THE LIKELY
AND UNLIKELY
HAZARDS AND
RISKS IS ESSENTIAL
FOR DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
PROTECTION OF
BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
AGAINST COLLAPSE
AND LOSS OF
FUNCTION IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
TECHNOLOGIES
THAT FACILITATE
PREPARATION OF
DISASTER
SCENARIOS ARE
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES
TIMELY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE