WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water in Emergencies
Session 11D
Context Specific Scenarios (4 of 4)
Arid and Semi-Arid Environments
(ASALs)
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water in Emergencies in the ASALs
Exercise:
• Identify the particular
challenges to water
provision in
emergencies in the arid
and semi-arid lands
(ASALs or ‘drylands’)?
S House / AAH-US
Underground tank (birkad), Kenya
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Complexity of the Drylands
• Increasing frequency of the cycle of droughts in the
ASALs
• Coping capacity reducing – destitute communities on
edges of towns
• Traditionally complex systems of management of
water & pasture
• Management systems are changing
• Complex land rights, land tenure systems
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Complexity of the Drylands
• Conflicts over water and pasture – between pastoral
societies & between pastoral & agricultural
communities
• Increasing use of firearms
• Climate change, environmental destruction
• Power in pastoral societies & gender divisions
• Pastoralism & pastoralist institutions in transition
• Care needed not to create dependency
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Dryland Technologies
S House / WaterAid
Artificial rock catchment, Kenya
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S House / UNICEF
Underground tank (birkad), Ethiopia
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Dryland Technologies
S House / WaterAid
Pond, Tanzania
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S House / AAH-US
Managed water pan by the Karmor
Women’s Group, northern Kenya
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Dryland Technologies
S House / WaterAid
S House / WaterAid
Sub-surface dam, Kenya
Traditional Maasai well,
Tanzania
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Drought
Management
Cycle
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Recovery
Stage
Drought Early
Warning System
(EWS)
Emergency
Stage
PREPAREDNESS
Arid Lands Resource
Management project II,
Office of the President,
Kenya
Normal
Stage
Alert/Alarm
Stage
RECONSTRUCTION
MITIGATION
RELIEF
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Good Practice Working in the
Drylands
• Focus on drought cycle management
• Time to understand the context, communities & dynamics
• Employ staff with background from the drylands
• Specific attention on gender and the needs and priorities
of women
• Prioritise appropriate dryland technologies – minimise
use of mechanised boreholes
• Consider alternatives to community management –
women’s groups, private ownership
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Good Practice Working in the Drylands
• Work with others to consider water for animals in an
emergency context:
– Ministry of Agriculture;
– Pastoral network organisations & institutions;
– Organisations who support livelihoods & animals
• Be aware of:
– Complexity of the drylands; traditional land & water management,
ownership, use & patterns
– Combination of needs for animals – food, water, salt
– Importance of animals to pastoral societies - nutrition, health, wellbeing, spiritual / cultural needs, capacity to recover
– Risks of changing migration patterns from mechanised boreholes &
potential negative impacts - environment & conflicts
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Very useful resources…
•
IIRR, ACACIA & CordAid (2004) on ‘Drought Cycle Management; A
toolkit for the drylands of the Greater Horn’:
Book or CD purchased from:
http://www.mamud.com/iirr_africa_pubs.htm
•
Nissen-Petersen, E et al (2006) a series of detailed publications on
technologies for the drylands, funded by DANIDA on:
– Water Surveys and Designs;
– Water from Dry Riverbeds;
– Water from Roads;
– Water from Rock Outcrops;
– Water from Roofs;
– Water from Small and Dams
Free hardcopy ordered or downloaded free from the website:
www.waterforaridland.com
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