Climate Change, Coastal Vulnerability
& Policy Choices
G. K. Panda
gopalkrishna_panda@yahoo.co.uk
Focus on ………
• Foot prints of climate extremes i.e.
Floods, Cyclones, Lightning, Heat
Waves and Coastal Erosion
• Impacts and Vulnerabilities
• Practices and policy options
Orissa : District Reported by Floods (1970-2007)
30
Number
25
20
15
10
5
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Orissa : No. of Floods (1970-2007)
80
Number
60
40
20
0
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Year
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Orissa : Population Affected by Floods (1973-2007 )
Number Millions
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1973-77
1978-82
1983-87
1988-92
1993-97
1998-02
2003-07
Year
Orissa : Human Death by Floods (1973-2007 )
350
300
Number
250
200
150
100
50
0
1973-77
1978-82
1983-87
1988-92
Ye ar
1993-97
1998-02
2003-07
Areas of Possible Submergence
ORISSA : TOP 10 DISASTERS BASED ON No. of
Deaths (1970 – 2007)
Sl.No
Year
Death
Hazard
1
1999
9924
Cyclone
2
1971
5307
Cyclone
3
1998
2042
Heatwaves
4
2007
351
Lightning
5
2005
303
Lightning
6
2004
298
Lightning
7
2006
283
Lightning
8
2001
270
Lightning
9
2003
262
Lightning
10
2005
235
Heat waves
Orissa : Total Property Loss by Hazards (1970-2007)
0%
15%
2%
83%
Flood
Cyclone
Lightning
Fire
Rupeese
Millions
Orissa : Property Loss by Hazards (1973-2007)
135,000
120,000
105,000
90,000
75,000
60,000
45,000
30,000
15,000
0
1973-77
1978-82
1983-87
1988-92
Year
1993-97
1998-02
2003-07
Orissa : No. of Climatic Hazards (1970-2007)
 1970 to 2000
- 37 / Yr
350
Number
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
 2001- 2008 267/ Yr
 1970 -200879 / Yr)
Year
Seasonal peaks
Orissa : No. of Climatic Hazards (1970-2007)
400
shifting from
Number
300
200
June- August to
April –October.
100
0
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Year
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Climatic Hazards : Population Affected
Number
Millions
Orissa : People Affected by Climatic Hazards (1973-2007)
Climatic Hazards of
Orissa
Population Affected
±
30
SUNDERGARH
MAYURBHANJ
JHARSUGUDA
KEONJHAR
BALESWAR
SAMBALPURDEOGARH
BARAGADA
BHADRAK
ANGUL DHENKANALJAJPUR
SONEPUR
BOUDH
20
BALANGIR
NUAPADA
CUTTACK
JAGATSINGHPUR
NAYAGARH
KHURDA
PURI
PHULBANI
10
KALAHANDI
NABARANGPUR
KENDRAPARA
GANJAM
Legend
Population Aff.
per year
RAYAGADA
GAJAPATI
0 - 20000
20001 - 40000
0
KORAPUT
40001 - 60000
1973-1977 1978-1982 1983-1987 1988-1992 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2007
Year
60001 - 80000
MALKANAGIRI
80001>
Climatic Hazards include: Cyclone & Flood
• Annually >1 lakh people are affected from coastal Dist.
• Flood & Cyclone accounts for 93 % of population affected.
Climatic Hazards : Loss of Life
Loss of Life
in Nos
Orissa: Loss of Life due to Climatic Hazards
(1970-2007)
Climatic Hazards of Orissa
Loss of Human Life
SUNDERGARH
±
MAYURBHANJ
JHARSUGUDA
BALESWAR
SAMBALPURDEOGARH
KEONJHAR
BARAGADA
1500
SONEPUR
1000
ANGUL
BOUDH
BALANGIR
NUAPADA
CUTTACK
PHULBANI
KALAHANDI
NABARANGPUR
GANJAM
RAYAGADA
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
GAJAPATI
KORAPUT
Year
KENDRAPARA
JAGATSINGHPUR
NAYAGARH
KHURDAPURI
500
0
BHADRAK
DHENKANALJAJPUR
Legend
No. of human Life
Loss per Year
1 - 15
16 - 30
31 - 45
45>
Cyclone Flood Lightning Heatwave
MALKANAGIRI
Climatic Hazards includes: Cyclone, Flood, Lightening &
Heat Wave
 Death due to climatic hazards increasing since 1998
Max. Temp (oC) of coastal stations of Orissa (1965-2010)
March
April
Balasore
Chandabali
Paradeep
Puri
Gopalpur
May
Heat waves : Human Death (1998-2007)
Orissa : Heatwaves (1998-2007)
Human Death
Human Death per year
HEATWAVE HAZARD(1998-2004)
SUNDERGARH
¯
Human Death In Nos
2100
MAYURBHANJ
KEONJHAR
JHARSUGUDA
BALESWAR
SAMBALPUR
DEOGARH
BARAGADA
1800
BHADRAK
ANGUL
SONEPUR
BOUDH
1500
JAJPUR
DHENKANAL
BALANGIR
NUAPADA
JAGATSINGHPUR
NAYAGARH
1200
PHULBANI
900
NABARANGPUR
KHURDA
PURI
KALAHANDI
RAYAGADA
GAJAPATI
600
GANJAM
Legend
No. of Human
Death per year
KORAPUT
300
KENDRAPARA
CUTTACK
0
50
100
200
300
Kilometers
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
MALKANAGIRI
Year
 Annual average human death is 5 times of Flood.
 Highest human death was in 1998 (2042).
 Coastal & North Western dists show higher human death
Lightning : Human Death (1998-2007)
Human Death In Nos
Orissa : Lightning (1998-2007)
Human Death
Human Death per year
LIGHTENING HAZARD(1998-2007)
SUNDERGARH
¯
400
MAYURBHANJ
JHARSUGUDA
SAMBALPUR
KEONJHAR
BARAGADA
SONEPUR
ANGUL
BOUDH
300
BALESWAR
DEOGARH
DHENKANAL
JAJPUR
BHADRAK
BALANGIR
KENDRAPARA
NUAPADA
CUTTACK
NAYAGARH
200
JAGATSINGHPUR
KHURDA
PHULBANI
KALAHANDI
GANJAM
PURI
NABARANGPUR
100
RAYAGADA
Legend
GAJAPATI
No. of Human
Death per year
KORAPUT
0
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
50
100
200
Kilometers
MALKANAGIRI
Year
 Human Causality Increasing.
 Annual average human death is 205.
 Highest causality is in 2007 (351).
300
Coastal Erosion
in Orissa
Photo courtesy: Prof. G.K. Panda
Dept. of Geography, Utkal University
Bhubaneswar
Puri
Coastal Erosion
in Orissa
Gopalpur
Podampeta village 10 km NE of Ganjam , Orissa
(September 2011 dated Newspaper clipping)
Coastal Erosion in
Pentha Village &
Puri Marine Drive
1929
1994
2008
1
1
2
2
3
3
5
5
4
4
(a)
(a)
Changing Morphology of the Spits, Bay Mouth Bars &
Islands around Hukitola Bay
(b)
Coastal Erosion in
Pentha Village
IRS P6, LISS-III
Image of Northern
Part of Orissa
Coastal Zone from
Subarnarekha Mouth
to Mahanadi Mouth
25 Km. Buffer Zone
10 5 0
10
20 KM
Chilika
25 Km. Buffer Zone
IRS P6, LISS-III Image of Southern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Mahanadi
Possible Impacts on……….
• Coastal Habitation
• Fishing Communities
• Low & Marginal Farmers
• Daily Wagers & Ag. Laborers
• Agriculture & Plantations
• Small Traders & Artisans
Problems
• Cyclone & Storm Surges
• Flood & Tidal Inundations
• Coastal erosion
• Migration of Sand dunes.
• Popln. Pres. & LU change
• Coastal encroachments
• Loss of Mangroves
• Loss of Habitat &
Bio-Diversity
Potential for LHSS
• Mangrove based LHSS
• Fishing & Aquaculture
• Eco-Tourism
• Plantations
•50 % of the farmers had already applied adaptation
strategies to respond to their experience of climate change.
i.e changes in crops, crop varieties, planting dates, along
with increased irrigation and supplementing livestock.
Impediments to adaptation, including poverty, lack of
savings and access to credit, insecure property rights and
lack of social protection mechanisms to insure against the
risks of using new techniques or technologies.
Microcredit programs can provide the direct provision of
livestock or poultry through asset transfers
Mitigation Options
• Interventions
• Capacity Building &
Knowledge Management
• Adaptations
• Policy and Programs
• Research & Development
Mitigation Opportunities……..
Interventions
1. Reduction of Climate Change Hazards through
Coastal Afforestation with community focus.
2. Providing drinking water to coastal communities to
combat enhanced salinity due to sea level rise.
3. Construction of flood shelter, information and
assistance centre to cope with enhanced recurrent
floods in major floodplains.
Capacity Building
1.Capacity building for integrating Climate Change
in planning, designing of infrastructure, conflict
management and land use zoning & management.
2. Climate change and adaptation information
dissemination to vulnerable community to raise
awareness.
3. Mainstreaming adaptation into policies and
Programs in different sectors, focusing on disaster
management, water, agriculture, health and industry
Reducing risks to Livelihoods through……
• Developing context specific crop packages and
promoting improved agricultural practices
• Addressing Fisherman’s issues
• Pre- flood paddy cultivation,
• Safe storage of seeds and food- grains,
• Promoting organic agriculture
• Formation and strengthening of Farmer’s Club
• Promotion of crop insurance
1. Overall Objective
Enhance disaster risk reduction & reduce vulnerability of
the poor women, men and children with increased
resilience to risks & preparedness and new challenges
emanating from climate change.
2. Economic Justice
Need to focus on policies & programs to ensure poor
people‘s right to resilient and sustainable livelihoods
through the reduction of poverty and vulnerability.
3. Essential Services
Policies on empowering poor people to realize their
rights to accessible and affordable health, education,
water and sanitation.
Thank You
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, ORISSA