School
Hydrological
Information
Network (SHINe)
Program
Hydrometeorology
Meteorology – study of atmosphere
on weather processes and
forecasting
Hydrology – study or knowledge of
water or the water cycle
Common weather
systems affecting the
Philippines:
Monsoons
Inter-tropical
Convergence
Zone
Tropical
Cyclone
Thunderstorm
Cold Front
Tropical Cyclone
• Intense low pressure system with
minimum sustained winds of 35
kph
• The country average of about 20
Tropical Cyclones annually.
• Winds are most damaging to
structures but most casualties
result from flooding.
Classification of TC
in the Philippines
•Tropical Depression – winds of
35 kph to 63 kph
•Tropical Storm – winds of 64 kph
to 117 kph
•Typhoon – winds of more than
117 kph
Public Storm Warning Signals
in the Philippines (PSWS)
PSWS No. 1 – a TC may
threaten or affect the locality.
Winds not more than 60 kph may
be expected in at least 36 hours
(1.5 days)
PSWS
No. 2 – a TC may
threaten the locality. Winds from
61 kph to 100 kph may be
expected in at least 24 hours
Public Storm Warning Signals
in the Philippines (PSWS)
PSWS No. 3 – a TC will affect the
locality. Winds from 101 kph to 185
kph may be expected in at least 18
hours.
PSWS No. 4 – A very strong
typhoon will affect the locality. Very
strong winds of more than 185 kph
may be expected in at least 12
Hazards associated with TC
•Strong winds – immediate
TC hazard to affect a
community
•Storm surge – due to winds
of TC and the low pressure
area
Hazards associated with TC
•Landslides – influenced by
intensity of rains, soil
characteristics, slope, land cover,
infiltration, groundwater level, etc.
•Floods and Flashfloods – due to
rainfall volume, basin, & river
characteristics, drainage problems,
informal settlers, etc.
Types of Floods
River overflowing
(Riverine) rainwater
Accumulated
(Ponding)
Dam releases and Dam
breaks
Coastal flooding – high tide,
storm surge & tsunami
Tsunami
Causes of Flooding
Rains – primary
source
River basin
characteristics
Narrow and winding
river channels
Siltation & sedimentation
of river channels
Flood mitigating measures:
Structural mitigating measure:
Dam, dikes, levees, cut-off
channels, retarding basins, etc.
Flood mitigating measures:
Non-structural mitigating measure:
Zoning, reforestation, evacuation,
sandbagging, hazard mapping,
dredging, adaptation issues,
ubiquitous flood hazard mapping
signs, flood forecasting & warning
systems, community-based
warning systems, etc.
Community-based Flood
Forecasting & Warning
System (CBFFWS)
•A non-structural flood mitigating
measure
•Can be quite simple &
relatively cheap
•Possible on a real-time
basis
•Envisage monitoring, info
exchange, warning &
disaster preparedness and
response
•Enhances the social & moral
responsibilities of the
locals/community through their
direct participation.
CBBFWS rainfall &
monitoring instruments
Flood
Markers
Automatic
Weather Station
Dedicated Communication
System
Warning System
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
1. Installation of Rain
Gauge & River (water level)
Gauge, if school is quite
close or very near a river.
•This activity is undertaken by
the PDMO with the support of
the school officials/students
•Possible placing a signage to
the LCD Monitor of the rain
gage to identify the SHINe
Program
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Organize a
SHINe group:
members from
Science Club &
coordinators,
etc.
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Installation of an Information
Board ( for viewing TC location,
PSWS info, TC track, forecast,
other related infos.)
•To be undertaken by the SHINe
group in the school; board to be
located in an area that can be seen
by the whole school populace
•A map of the Philippines to be
placed in the info board; the board
shall be updated whenever
necessary by students assigned
•Plotting & Tracking of Tropical
Cyclone
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Daily observation of rainfall
and/or water level following
the proper procedures
( regular & during inclement
weather conditions )
•Scheduling of students to do the
reading of rainfall &/or water level
data, even during weekends &
holiday.
•Please follow procedures for
observation
•Also prepare a schedule for
cleaning & maintenance of rain
gage & water level gage.
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Fabricate prototype rain
gage & tie-up
observation with the rain
gage installed in the
school.
•Students will make a prototype
rain gage (glass, plastic, tube, etc.)
& place around or near the rain
gage; the prototype shall have
means of measurements such as
meter stick or graduated values at
the outside if glass or any available
measuring container.
•Observations shall follow the time
when the rain gage had been read.
•Data from both the rain gage &
prototype rain gage shall be written
on a specified form; data shall also
be encoded in a computer; likewise
same observation from the water
level gage to be written on
specified form
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Provision of observed data to
the PDMO-Bulacan whenever
necessary. Daily provision
after observation of 8 AM
or hourly or 3-hourly if there’s
an inclement weather; . . .
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
… contacts & system of data
transfer to be worked out during
the orientation program;
monthly submission of forms:
by mail or e-mail, hand-in, etc.
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Students shall workout some
simple presentations (and
reports) to be presented after
3-4 months on the following:
•Data observations (graphical);
some possible explanation on the
data/graph presented (group)
•Presentation on the prototype rain
gage & comparison with data from
the installed rain gage; possible
issues on data & some unusual
readings, etc.
•Presentation about the programs
of the SHINe group: presentations
on problems encountered with the
program or with observations,
scheduling issues, planned
researches & activities,
sustainability of the program, etc.
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
Development of a webpage if
possible. A group shall make
a webpage of the SHINe
program in their school;
possible presentation of data
observed, programs of the
school in relation to SHINe, etc.
Activities to be undertaken in a
SHINe Program
An annual/bi-annual conference
will be organized for all the SHINe
groups from the various school
involved in the program.
Presentation from agencies,
schools; school dynamics –
contests, organization of network,
Procedure for Rainfall
Observation
•Observation shall be done as
follows: During normal days, no
significant weather, every 8AM & 5
PM; During times of inclement
weather (TC present, monsoon
rains, etc.) every hour or 3-hours;
Special observation whenever
necessary during a brief heavy
downpour,
or even during normal
•Always press the reset button
after every observation. Log the
data on the respective time-column
&
day-row of the observation form.
•If there’s no rainfall observed,
do not leave blank instead
place “0” corresponding to the
time & day on the form. Do not
force
a data in the form if you were
not able to observe during that day.
If unable to observe the rainfall at
the respective time just fill-in the
accumulated data on the next-time
Procedure for Water Level
Observation:
Similar with rainfall observation
(8AM & 5PM on regular days &
hourly or 3-hourly during
inclement weather)
If not able to observe at the
specified time, leave it blank!
Maintenance
Clean the Rain Gage with water
every 6 months or whenever
necessary
Clean when there’s no rain. Do not
forget to reset the LCD after
cleaning the gage with water
Maintenance
Replace the LCD monitor buttontype battery after a year
Wash the water level gage after
every flood event or when there’s
dirt on the gage repaint whenever
necessary
Thank you very much.