From Gene To Protein
Transcription
Translation
Chapter 8 – Section 8.2
Pages 194 – 202
DNA to mRNA (messanger)
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DNA A – T and G – C
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DNA zips open
Transcription factor
“reads” DNA and
“writes” mRNA
DNA zips closed
RNA A – U and G – C
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Single strand
“Edited”
mRNA enters
cytoplasm
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_trans.jpg
mRNA to rRNA (ribosome)
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mRNA leaves nucleus
of cell
rRNA large 2 unit
macromolecule
“builds” proteins from
amino acids
Amino acids brought
to rRNA by tRNA
(transfer)
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_trans.jpg
mRNA to amino acid
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3 nucleotides (codon)
= 1 amino acid
A little math:
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4 nucleotides (AUGC)
Combination of 3 for
amino acid
How many
combinations of 3 are
there?
64 combinations
http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/ribosome.jpg
Genetic Code
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20 amino acids
3 “stop” codons
64 combinations of
mRNA
Redundancy
Codon 3 “wobble”
Can mutate with no
change in amino acid
http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/codontable2.jpg
Amino Acid
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Amino Acids can
have a charge
(positive or negative),
hydrophobic or
hydrophylic
These interact with
other amino acids in
the protein strand and
the cell (functional
groups
http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/aminoAcidStruc.jpg
Amino Acids to Proteins
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Amino Acids are
strung together
Form a sheet or helix
Fold with other amino
acids on the same
strand
Can be one protein in
a complex of several
proteins – part of a
final product
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/prot_struct-4143.JPG
Example – Hemoglobin
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Comprised of 4
protein subunits, 2
alpha () and 2 beta
(), which form the
complex hemoglobin
Each subunit
associated with a
non-protein heme
group
http://chemistry.ewu.edu/jcorkill/biochem/HemoglobinMOM.jpg
Regulation – cell signaling

Cell receives signal to
produce a specific
gene
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Example – hormones
produces in one part
of the body and signal
another part to
function
http://219.221.200.61/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech6-1.jpg
Regulation
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Our cell uses
glactose first
If our cell has lactose
and no glucose,
genes expressed to
break lactose down
When lactose
becomes limited or
glucose available,
gene deactivated
http://xanta.com.ne.kr/2008/2008-1/08-1-biochem/08-1-biochem-3-2.gif
Introduction to Physiology
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organisms
Tissues
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4 major types of
tissues:
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/stomTS.gif
Epithelial
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Tightly packed sheets
of cells that cover
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Outer surfaces – i.e.
skin
Lining hollow organs –
i.e. blood vessels
Cover organs - i.e.
kidneys
http://media.wiley.com/Lux/70/21770.nfg001.jpg
Connective
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Cell plus matrix
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Bone
Fat
Blood
Cartilage
Fibrous – ligaments
and tendons
Loose – links different
tissues together
http://media.wiley.com/Lux/73/21773.nfg004.jpg
Muscle
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Striated or Skeletal
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Smooth
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Attached to tendons
which attach to bone
Voluntary movement
Peristolic slow
undulating contractions
Involuntary movement
Cardiac
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Heart
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/146.gif
Nerve
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Single cell type
Can be extremely
long (from toe to
spine)
Cells divide until a
certain point in fetal
development, then
never divide again
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_Ed/grade10/mammal/images/neuron.gif
Organs
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Composed of at least
two types of tissues
which work together
for a specific function
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Heart contains all 4
tissue types to pump
deoxygenated blood to
the lungs and
oxygenated blood to
the body
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/FD5DD30B-F412-46BF-B407-5421CBD0C8DB/0/271f2.gif
Organ Systems
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Digestive
Excretory
Cardiovascular
Muscle/Skeletal
Integument
Endocrine
Nervous
Lymphatic
Reproductive
http://www.rogers.k12.ar.us/users/ehutches/Image567.gif
Homeostasis
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Negative feedback
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Body temperature
Blood pH
Blood glucose levels
Most other functions
Positive feedback
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Menstruation
LAC operon
Lactation
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2b_positive_feedbac_c.jpg
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg
Cardio-pulmonary System
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Due to time limitation of
this class, we will use
cardiovascular and
pulmonary systems as an
example of organ system
As a teacher, you can
use each organ system to
exemplify:
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Organisms
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Describe the function of
organ systems
Classify organs by the
system to which they
belong
http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/exp_humanbody/exp_human055.jpg
Cardiovascular System
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Lungs
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Gas exchange
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O2 in
CO2 out
Heart and vessels
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Pumps blood to lungs
for oxygen
Pumps blood to body
to deliver O2 and pick
up CO2
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg
Lungs - Mammals
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Tidal Volume
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Oxygen inhaled
Carbon Dioxide
exhaled
Air into trachea,
bronchus, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli
(smaller and smaller
tubes
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/thog5n0/public_html/lungs.jpeg
Alveoli
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Tiny air sacs
Highly vascularized
with capillaries
Surface area for gas
O2
exchange
Alveoli
uptake
CO2
output
http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/3D_Models/Human_Anatomy/Alveoli/supporting_images/3D_Model_Anat_Alveoli3_web.jpg
Heart
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Deoxygenated Blood
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Enters via anterior and
posterior vena cava to
right atrium
Enters right ventricle
through the
atrioventricular valve
which stops blood
returning to right
atrium
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gif
http://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Heart
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Right ventricle
through the
pulmonary semilunar
valve to the lungs via
pulmonary arteries
Blood blows off
carbon dioxide and
uptakes oxygen in
capillaries of alveoli of
lungs
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gif
http://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Heart
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From the lungs
through the
pulmonary veins,
blood enters the left
atrium
Blood enters the left
ventricle through the
left atrioventricular
valve
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gif
http://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Heart
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Blood is pumped
through the aorta to
the brain, arms and
lower body by the left
ventricle
Coordination of the
cardiac contractions
by heart’s pacemaker
– sinoatrial node
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gif
http://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Circulatory System
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From the heart, blood
enters arteries to
arterioles to
capillaries
Single blood cells
pass through
capillaries releasing
oxygen and uptake
carbon dioxide
Blood is returned via
venioles to veins
http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/vessels.jpg
Circulatory System
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High pressure:
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Aorta to Arteries
Arteries to Arterioles
Arterioles to
Capillaries
Capillaries – no
pressure
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/Vertebrate/bloodvessels_3.gif
Capillaries
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Network of tiny
vessels – leaky
Like a river delta, all
pressure from river
behind it drops and
water oozes to ocean
Once blood cell at a
time
Circulation
http://www.shockwavetherapy.ca/capillaries.jpg
Circulatory System
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Starts with no
pressure to return
blood
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Capillaries to venuoles
Venuoles to Veins
Veins to Anterior and
Posterior Vena Cava
How does that work?
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/Vertebrate/bloodvessels_3.gif
Veins
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Veins have valves to stop
blood flowing backwards
Muscle action accounts
for most of the return of
blood to heart
Volume decreased
because some plasma
enters lymph system and
is returned to heart to mix
with returning blood
http://www.originmedical.co.uk/client_files/leg_illustrations/NormalVeins-All.jpg
Invertebrate Cardiovascular
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Insects have an open
circulatory system,
and oxygen bathes
most cells in the body
Oxygen enters
through spiracles and
travels down trachea
Movement pushes air
in and out
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/lb7fig8.gif
http://severinghaus.org/gallery/d/3752-1/DSCF6599_wheel_bug_spiracles_sm.jpg
Invertebrate Cardiovascular
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Scorpions and
spiders have book
lungs
Similar to gills with
gas exchange
http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/11627_web.jpg
http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_02_img0189.jpg
Gills
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Order of magnitude
less oxygen in water
than air (21% in air)
Aquatic organisms
need to extract
dissolved O2
Counter current
system
http://www.trincoll.edu/~alehman/_images/Bio210_Spring05/ali_murineliver2200x_wd11_ap4_A.jpg
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1115/1141942/fig31-1.jpg
Fish Heart
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Fish have a two
chamber heart
Blood flows into
atrium
Blood pumped out of
ventricle
Travels to lungs and
then to body
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/VertebrateVascular/VertebrateVascular.htm
Amphibian Cardiovascular
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Amphibians have a
three chambered
heart
Into right atrium to
ventricle
Ventricle to lungs
Lungs to left atrium
Left atrium to
ventricle
Ventricle to body
Reptiles
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Lizards, snakes and
turtles have 3chambered hearts
Crocodiles have a 4chambered heart
Evidence dinosaurs
had 4-chambered
hearts
Questions?