Making Cladograms
Visualizing Evolutionary Relationships
Essential Question(s)
1. How do phylogenetic trees and cladograms
represent traits that are either derived or lost due
to evolution.
Enduring Understandings
1. Create a phylogenetic tree or simple cladogram
that correctly represents evolutionary history and
speciation from a provided data set.
2. Evaluate evidence provided by a data set in
conjunction with a phylogenetic tree or a simple
cladogram to determine evolutionary history and
speciation.
Modeling Directions
•
While I model the process of creating a cladogram,
capture the steps in the left-hand column of the space
provided below.
•
Capture the explanation of these steps and additional
notes in the right-hand column.
•
Record the cladogram in the space indicated.
•
Prepare to answer the cladogram analysis questions to
check your mastery of this process and the content
underlying these principles
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Vascular
Tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Mosses
(bryophytes)
0
0
0
Pine Trees
(gymnosperms)
1
0
1
Flowering
Plants
(angiosperms
1
1
1
Ferns
(pteridophytes)
1
0
0
Total
3
1
2
Organisms
1. Identify Outgroup
• Find the species that had
none of these features
• This will be the outer
branch – it has no known
descendents
2. Draw Outgroup
• Select a point to the left
of the page
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Mosses
Bryophytes
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Vascular
Tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Mosses
(bryophytes)
0
0
0
Pine Trees
(gymnosperms)
1
0
1
Flowering
Plants
(angiosperms
1
1
1
Ferns
(pteridophytes)
1
0
0
Total
3
1
2
Organisms
3. ID Groups of lineages
that share a derived
character
• We hypothesize that they
form a clade
• We don’t consider
ancestral traits
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Mosses
Bryophytes
Pine Trees
Gymnosperms
Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Vascular
Tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Mosses
(bryophytes)
0
0
0
Pine Trees
(gymnosperms)
1
0
1
Flowering
Plants
(angiosperms
1
1
1
Ferns
(pteridophytes)
1
0
0
Total
3
1
2
Organisms
3. ID Groups of lineages
that share a derived
character
• We hypothesize that they
form a clade
• We don’t consider
ancestral traits
• Repeat above step until
you have put all species
onto your tree
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Mosses
Bryophytes
Ferns
Pteridophytes
Pine Trees
Gymnosperms
Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Vascular
Tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Mosses
(bryophytes)
0
0
0
Pine Trees
(gymnosperms)
1
0
1
Flowering
Plants
(angiosperms
1
1
1
Ferns
(pteridophytes)
1
0
0
Total
3
1
2
Organisms
4. Include Adaptations
• Identify the traits that
arose throughout the
cladogram
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Mosses
Bryophytes
Ferns
Pteridophytes
Pine Trees
Gymnosperms
Flowering Plants
Flowers
Angiosperms
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Vascular
Tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Mosses
(bryophytes)
0
0
0
Pine Trees
(gymnosperms)
1
0
1
Flowering
Plants
(angiosperms
1
1
1
Ferns
(pteridophytes)
1
0
0
Total
3
1
2
Organisms
4. Include Adaptations
• Identify the traits that
arose throughout the
cladogram
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Mosses
Bryophytes
Ferns
Pteridophytes
Pine Trees
Gymnosperms
Seeds
Flowering Plants
Flowers
Angiosperms
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Vascular
Tissue
Flowers
Seeds
Mosses
(bryophytes)
0
0
0
Pine Trees
(gymnosperms)
1
0
1
Flowering
Plants
(angiosperms
1
1
1
Ferns
(pteridophytes)
1
0
0
Total
3
1
2
Organisms
4. Include Adaptations
• Identify the traits that
arose throughout the
cladogram
Steps to Building a Cladogram
Mosses
Bryophytes
Ferns
Pteridophytes
Pine Trees
Vascular
Tissue
Gymnosperms
Seeds
Flowering Plants
Flowers
Angiosperms
Paired Practice Directions
• Work with your peers at your table and use the steps
described above to create a cladogram for the data
provided below.
• As you work, annotate the data table provided to illustrate
the steps being used.
• Record the cladogram in the space indicated on page 4.
• When you finish, begin answering the cladogram analysis
questions without any instruction from me. These
questions are designed to facilitate your analysis of the
cladogram and to check your understanding of the
underlying principles.
Paired Practice
Vertebra
Bony
Skeleton
Four Limbs
Amniotic
Egg
Hair
Post-Orbital
Fenestrae
Lancelet
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sharks
1
0
0
0
0
0
Ray-Finned Fish
1
1
0
0
0
0
Amphibians
1
1
1
0
0
0
Primates
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
Organisms
Rodents and
Rabbits
Crocodiles and
Relatives
Dinosaurs and
Birds
Paired Practice Solution
Sharks
Ray-Finned Fish
Vertebra
Amphibians
Bony Skeleton
Primates
Four Limbs
Hair
Amniotic Egg
Rodents & Rabbits
Crocodiles
Post-Orbital
Fenestrae
Dinosaurs & Birds
Independent Practice Directions
• Work silently and independently during the provided time
to create a cladogram for the data provided below. Use the
steps to creating a cladogram as you proceed.
• As you work, annotate the data table provided to illustrate
the steps being used.
• Record the cladogram in the space indicated on page 6.
• When you finish, begin answering the cladogram analysis
questions without any instruction from me. These
questions are designed to facilitate your analysis of the
cladogram and to check your understanding of the
underlying principles