Role of cell cycle on the cellular uptake and
dilution of nanoparticles in a cell population
Jong Ah Kim, Christoffer Åberg, Anna Salvati, Kenneth A. Dawson
Supplementary Discussion
This presentation contains a simple scheme of the cell cycle and shows nanoparticle
uptake in a single cell, as it progresses through its cell cycle and undergoes cell
division. The generation of the ranking (Fig. 1c) of the intracellular nanoparticle
concentration for cells in the different cell cycle phases is also illustrated.
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a series of events that lead to cell division and replication,
consisting of four phases: G1, S, G2 and M. The activation of each phase
depends on the proper completion of the previous one. The cell cycle
commences with the G1 phase, during which the cell increases its size.
During the S phase the cell synthesizes DNA, and in the G2 phase it
synthesizes proteins to prepare for cell division. Finally during the M phase
the cell divides and the two daughter cells enter the G1 phase. Cells that
have temporarily stopped dividing can enter a resting phase called G0.
Cell Cycle
G1 phase:
cell growth, protein
synthesis
G0/G1
Cell Cycle
G1 phase:
cell growth, protein
synthesis
G0/G1
S phase:
DNA synthesis
S
Cell Cycle
G2 phase:
preparation for
cell division,
protein synthesis
G1 phase:
cell growth, protein
synthesis
G0/G1
S phase:
DNA synthesis
S
Cell Cycle
G2 phase:
preparation for
cell division,
protein synthesis
M phase:
mitosis (cell division)
G1 phase:
cell growth, protein
synthesis
G0/G1
S phase:
DNA synthesis
S
Cell Cycle
G2 phase:
preparation for
cell division,
protein synthesis
M phase:
mitosis (cell division)
G0/G1
S phase:
DNA synthesis
S
Two new
daughter
cells in G1
phase
Proliferation of a cell culture
G0/G1
A cell culture is a mixture of cells in different phases of their cell
cycle, simultaneously undergoing progression and cell division.
S
G0/G1
S
G2/M
Time
Proliferation of a cell culture
G0/G1
A cell culture is a mixture of cells in different phases of their cell
cycle, simultaneously undergoing progression and cell division.
S
G0/G1
S
S
G2/M
G0/G1
G2/M
Cell
division
Time
Proliferation of a cell culture
G0/G1
A cell culture is a mixture of cells in different phases of their cell
cycle, simultaneously undergoing progression and cell division.
S
G0/G1
S
S
G2/M
G2/M
Cell
division
G0/G1
G0/G1
G2/M
Cell
division
Time
S
Nanoparticle uptake in a cycling cell: example of a cell in G1
phase at the moment of exposure to nanoparticles
G0/G1
S
Nanoparticle uptake in a cycling cell: example of a cell in G1
phase at the moment of exposure to nanoparticles
G0/G1
S
Nanoparticles enter
the cells and
accumulate in the
lysosomes.
Nanoparticle uptake in a cycling cell: example of a cell in G1
phase at the moment of exposure to nanoparticles
G0/G1
S
Nanoparticles enter
the cells and
accumulate in the
lysosomes.
Nanoparticles are taken up
throughout the cell cycle.
Nanoparticle uptake in a cycling cell: example of a cell in G1
phase at the moment of exposure to nanoparticles
Uptake rate in
the different
phases is similar.
G0/G1
S
Nanoparticles enter
the cells and
accumulate in the
lysosomes.
Nanoparticles are taken up
throughout the cell cycle.
Nanoparticle uptake in a cycling cell: example of a cell in G1
phase at the moment of exposure to nanoparticles
Upon cell division, cells
dilute their intracellular
nanoparticle concentration.
Uptake rate in
the different
phases is similar.
G0/G1
S
Nanoparticles enter
the cells and
accumulate in the
lysosomes.
Nanoparticles are taken up
throughout the cell cycle.
Nanoparticle uptake in a cycling cell: example of a cell in G1
phase at the moment of exposure to nanoparticles
Upon cell division, cells
dilute their intracellular
nanoparticle concentration.
Uptake rate in
the different
phases is similar.
G0/G1
S
Daughter cells will have (on
average) half of the amount
of nanoparticles compared to
the parent cell.
Nanoparticles are taken up
throughout the cell cycle.
Nanoparticle uptake in a cell population
G0/G1
S
G2/M
Time
Nanoparticle uptake in a cell population
G0/G1
S
During the first 10 hours of uptake
there is no major difference between
the concentrations of nanoparticles
in cells in the different phases.
G2/M
Time
Nanoparticle uptake in a cell population
G0/G1
S
S
G2/M
G0/G1
G2/M
Cell
division
Time
Once a significant fraction of the
cells in G0/G1 are cells that
divided during the exposure to
nanoparticles, then the G0/G1
cells
show
a
reduced
nanoparticle concentration in
comparison to the other phases.
Nanoparticle uptake in a cell population
S
G2/M
G2/M
Cell
division
G0/G1
G0/G1
When cells that have divided
begin to populate the S
phase, then those cells also
show a reduced intracellular
nanoparticle concentration
(compared to the cells in
G2/M).
Time
S