Medieval Europe at Its Height
Chapter 13
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Chapter Themes
Cultural diffusion: The Crusades increase
European contact with other areas
Innovation: Advances in commerce,
learning, and the arts change Europe
Conflict: England and France battle whole
their monarchs gain power
Conflict: The Church faces a split from
within and opposition from without
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The Crusades
Chapter 13
Section 1
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Main Idea
The Crusades had a variety of impacts on
medieval society
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Terms to Define
The Crusades
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People to Meet
The Seljuk Turks
Pope Urban II
Saladin
Richard I
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Places to Locate
Jerusalem
Constantinople
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Overview
Middle Ages: decentralized, warfare,
cultural isolation, famine, wretched living
conditions
By A.D. 1100, conditions improve
Monarchs build strong central
governments
Towns and trade appear
The Church held high sway over people
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Overview
Transformation begins with holy war over
the city of Jerusalem
European Christians undertake nine
military expeditions to recover holy land
from Muslims
The Crusades: Latin word for “crux”
meaning “cross”
Crusaders: vowed to “take up the cross”
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Call for a Crusade
Jerusalem was a holy
city for people of
three faiths: Jews,
Christians, and
Muslims
Jews treasured it as
Zion, God’s won city
and site of Solomon’s
temple
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Call for a Crusade
Christians revered as
the place where
Christ was crucified
and resurrected
According to Muslim
tradition, Muhammad
ascended to heaven
from Jerusalem
Jerusalem
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Call for a Crusade
Muslims referred to
Jerusalem as their
third most important
city following
– Makkah
– Madinah
Jerusalem
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Call for a Crusade
Jerusalem and the entire region of
Palestine fell to Arab invaders in the A.D.
600s;
– Mostly Muslims, the Arabs tolerated people of
other religions
– Christians and Jew OK: people paid taxes
– Traders and religious pilgrimages accepted
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Call for a Crusade
In late A.D. 1000s, the Seljuk Turks--a
Muslim people from central Asia--took
Jerusalem
– Palestine in chaos
– Hazards of pilgrimages increased
Seljuks threatened Byzantine Empire
– Constantinople threatened
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Call for a Crusade
The Byzantine
emperor wrote to the
pope in A.D. 1095
requesting military aid
One big concern was
for the safety of
Christian pilgrims
Byzantine Empire
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First Crusade
Pope Urban II called
for a volunteer army
to take Jerusalem and
Palestine from the
Seljuk Turks: “I
exhort you…to strive
to expel that wicked
race from our
Christian
lands…Christ
commands it.”
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First Crusade
“Deus vult!” (God wills
it) shouted the crowd
in response to the
pope’s plea
Knights and peasants
alike vowed to join the
expedition to the Holy
Land
Pope Urban II
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First Crusade
For knights, they had
a chance to employ
their fighting skills
For peasants, it
meant freedom from
feudal bonds while on
the Crusade
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First Crusade
All were promised
immediate salvation if
they were killed
freeing the Holy Land
Adventure and wealth
were other reasons
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First Crusade
The First Crusade
marked the onset of a
long period of
Christian persecution
of the Jews
Existing hatred of
non-Christian
Siege of Antioch
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First Crusade
Three armies of
Crusader knights and
volunteers traveled to
the eastern
Mediterranean
– On the way, many of
them killed Jews and
massacred Jewish
communities
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First Crusade
Led by French nobles, three armies reach
Constantinople in A.D. 1097 and move on
to Jerusalem
After a siege of almost two months,
Jerusalem fell
Most of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
were massacred
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First Crusade
The success of the First Crusade
reinforced the authority of the church and
strengthened the self-confidence of
western Europe
Contact between the Crusaders and the
civilizations of the Byzantines and Muslims
continued for the next 100 years
– Became a major factor in ending the cultural
isolation of western Europe
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Second Crusade
Less than 50 years after the First Crusade
Seljuks conquered part of the states of
Palestine
Pope Eugenius IV called for Second
Crusade
King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman
Emperor Conrad III led armies but
quarreled
Easy defeated by the Seljuks
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Third Crusade
Diplomat and forceful leader Saladin united the
Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in A.D.
1187
– People of Western Europe stunned and horrified
Three European kings launched a Third
Crusade
– Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of
Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King
Richard I of England
Barbarossa died on the journey and Augustus
returned to France before reaching Jerusalem
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Third Crusade
Richard continued on alone
Although Richard’s army won many
battles, he could not win a decisive victory
Saladin would not turn over Jerusalem but
allowed Christian pilgrims access
The Third Crusade was unsuccessful
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Other Crusades
As other Crusades were organized in the A.D.
1200s, western Europeans lost sight of the
religious goal of the Crusades and focused
instead on political and economic gain
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Other Crusades
Fourth Crusade of A.D. 1204 resulted in
Crusaders bypassing Jerusalem and attacking
Constantinople
– Ransacked the city destroying many facilities
– Bitterness between Eastern Orthodox world and
western Europe.
– Made possible Muslim advances and weakened the
Byzantine Empire
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Effects of the Crusades
Although Western European failed to gain
control of Palestine, the Crusades helped
to break down feudalism and increase the
authority of kings
– Kings levied taxes, raised armies and
cooperated on large scale
– Nobles didn’t return and lands passed to
kings
– Serfs won freedom to become freeholders or
artisans
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Effects of the Crusades
Contact with more advanced Byzantine and
Muslim civilizations broadened European views
of the world
Enriched European cities such as Genoa and
Venice
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Effects of the Crusades
Heightened demand at home for Eastern
luxury goods, e.g. spices, sugar, melons,
tapestries, silk, etc.
Crusaders learned many useful skills, e.g.
make better ships, use compass, improve
weapons, etc. The Muslims became
united against a common enemy
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Discussion
What were the positive aspects of the
Crusades?
What were the negative aspects of the
Crusades?
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Economic and Cultural
Revival
Chapter 13
Section 2
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Main Idea
The growth of towns affected the society
of medieval Europe
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Terms to Define
Money economy
Guild
Master
Apprentice
Journeyman
Charter
Scholasticism
Troubadour
Vernacular
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People to Meet
Peter Abelard
Thomas Aquinas
Dante Alighieri
Geoffrey Chaucer
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Places to Locate
Venice
Flanders
Champagne
Bologna
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Overview
The Crusades accelerated the
transformation of western Europe from a
society that was crude, backward, and
violent—showing little cultural and
technological advancement—to a
civilization that exhibited some early
features of modern Western civilization.
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Economic Expansion
The economy of western Europe began to
show vigor around A.D. 1000, with
increased agricultural production, trade
opportunities, and growth of new towns
Expanding trade caused revival of towns
while the revival of towns caused a rapid
expansion of trade—one fed the other
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Agricultural Advances
Heavier, better plows allowed them to cut
the soil deeper, producing more food and
improved land cultivation
Nobles and freeholders (peasants not tied
to the land) moved to new areas, clearing
forests, draining swamps, and building
villages
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Agricultural Advances
Collar harnesses replaced the ox yoke
allowing horses to plow fields instead of
oxen. Horses plow faster
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Expansion of Trade
Revival of towns
causes rapid
expansion of trade
Repaired and rebuilt
Roman road system
helped move traders
in and out of Europe
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Expansion of Trade
Italian towns such as
Venice, Pisa, and
Genoa controlled the
Mediterranean trade
after A.D. 1200
Flanders, in northern
France, became
center of trade for
Europe’s northern
coast
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Expansion of Trade
Merchandise became
more varied,
especially during
trade fairs
The most famous
trade fair was in
Champagne in
eastern France
Champagne
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Banking
Early merchants
would use the barter
system for conducting
business
– Barter is the trade of
goods without using
money—using other
goods or services of
value
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Banking
Some merchants
would accept only
money for some
goods (e.g. silk),
however, and the
need for a common
medium of exchange
arose
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Banking
The rise of a money economy, or an
economy based on money, had far
reaching consequences.
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Banking
Money….
– Led to the rise of
banks
– Traders carried
different currencies
with different values
– Moneychangers, often
Jews, would exchange
one currency for
another
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Banking
Money put the feudal
system in an
economic squeeze
Kings, nobles, and
clergy became
dependent on money
from banks to pay
their expenses
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Banking
Money was
demanded to pay for
traditional feudal
services
As serfs were able to
buy their freedom, the
feudal system
declined
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Growth of Towns
The number of towns in western Europe
grew tremendously in the A.D. 1000s and
1100s, many of them surrounded by walls
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Growth of Towns
Medieval towns had little sanitation,
causing the rise of diseases such as
diphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and malaria
– The worst was the bubonic plague, ravaging
Europe A.D. 1348-1350
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Guilds
Merchants and artisans organized into
“guilds” which was to help maintain the
monopoly of the local market for its
members
– Restricted trading by foreigners and enforced
uniform pricing and employment
Craft guilds (like unions) regulated the
work of artisans
Women had their own trade unions
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Guilds
“Masters” controlled craft guilds who
mastered their crafts after serving as
apprentices
“Apprentices” worked for a master without
pay
An apprentice then became a
“journeyman” and received pay
Guilds would approve these promotions
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Rise of the Middle Class
The medieval town, or
burg, created the
name for a new class
of people
– In Germany, they were
called “burghers”
– In France, they were
called “bourgeoisie”
– In England, they were
called “burgesses”
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Rise of the Middle Class
The name originally
referred to anyone
who lived in a town
Came to mean people
who made money
though developing a
money economy
– Merchants, bankers,
artisans—no longer
needed land
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Rise of the Middle Class
Businessmen created councils to
administer town affairs and gained political
power for themselves
Kings began to depend on middle class for
loans and for the income from taxes paid
Lending merchants and bankers became
advisers to lords and kings
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Town Government
Conflict gradually developed between the feudal
classes and townspeople, who wanted to run
their own affairs and have their own courts and
laws
City dwellers did not fit into feudal system and
did not owe taxes to lords
Lords began to enforce feudal laws to keep the
burghers in line
The towns ultimately were too rich and kings and
nobles granted towns “charters” which let them
run their own affairs
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Education
During the Early Middle Ages, most people
were illiterate; education was controlled by
the clergy
As towns grew, there was a need for more
education in a wider array of subjects
Students and teachers began to meet in
other places than cathedral schools. They
formed organizations that became known
as universities around A.D. 1150
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Universities
The university began as a guild of scholars
organized for learning, with rules
specifying the obligations of students and
teachers
Students took notes on slates
By A.D. 1200s, universities had spread
throughout Europe. Most southern
universities were modeled after the law
school at Bologna (buh*LOH*nyuh), Italy
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New Learning
Medieval scholars studied Roman law, the works
of Aristotle, and Muslim writings
Many church leaders opposed the study of the
works of Aristotle fearing that his ideas
threatened Christian teachings. Others thought
the new ideas supported Christian teachings
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New Learning
Scholars
– They applied
Aristotle’s philosophy
to theological
questions and
developed a system of
thought called
“scholasticism”
Aristotle
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New Learning
Aristotle’s scholasticism
Emphasized reason
as well as faith in the
interpretation of
Christian doctrine.
Believed all
knowledge could be
integrated into a
coherent whole
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New Learning (cont)
Peter Abelard was a scholastic teacher
who collected statement from the bible
and tried to show both sides of
controversial issues
Thomas Aquinas was the most important
scholastic teacher
– His work “Summa Theologica”-- reason was
God’s gift that provides answers to questions
– Pointed to orderliness of creation and nature
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Medieval Literature and Art
French epics called “songs of high deeds”
celebrated the courage of feudal warriors;
romances about knights and ladies sung
by “troubadours” were also popular
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Epics and Romances
Anglo-Saxon epic
Beowulf was a tale of
grim battle and
gloomy scenery-reveals harshness of
life in northern Europe
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Epics and Romances
Anglo-Saxon warrior,
Beowulf, defeats a
horrible monster
named Grendel
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Epics and Romances
Handed down by oral
tradition
Finally written down
by unknown poet
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Epics and Romances
Romances about knights and ladies were
also popular
Traveling poet-musicians called
“troubadours” composed lyric poems and
songs about love and the feats of knights
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Vernacular Literature
By late Middle Ages, most literature was
written in the “vernacular”—language of
everyday speech
– Instead of Latin, most literature was written in
English, German, French, Italian, or Spanish
Dante Alighieri wrote “The Devine
Comedy” which was about an imaginary
journey from hell to heaven in England
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Vernacular Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer produced “The
Canterbury Tales”—poems that describe a
varied group of pilgrims who tell stories to
amuse one another on their way to
Thomas a Becket’s shrine in Canterbury
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Medieval Art
Early medieval churches were built on a
style called Romanesque, which was
combined feature of Roman and Byzantine
structures
Romanesque art had thick walls, close-set
columns, heavy curved arches, and small
windows
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Medieval Art
A.D. 1150 French architects began to build
in a new style called “Gothic”
– Heavy walls were replaced with low arches
and flying buttresses
– The extended stone beams, extended out
from the walls, took the weight of the building
off the walls. Allowed walls to be thinner with
space for stain glass windows
– Inside ceiling allowed for architects to build
higher ceilings and more open areas
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Strengthening of Monarchy
Chapter 13
Section 3
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Main Idea
European monarchs strengthened their
powers during the Middle Ages
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Terms to Define
Cortes
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People to Meet
Joan of Arc
Louis XI
Richard III
Henry VII
Ferdinand of Aragon
Isabella of Castile
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Places to Locate
Crecy
Agincourt
Burgundy
Castile
Aragon
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Overview
During the Middle Ages, Europe’s
monarchs set up stronger central
governments.
Monarchs won the loyalty of their people
and began to limit the powers of clergy
and nobles.
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Overview
Gradually educated
common people and
laymen became royal
advisers.
At the outset,
however, violent
warfare engulfed
western Europe
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The Hundred Years War
Grew from a dispute
about land
French finally
claimed victory
A.D. 1337 to A.D.
1453
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Causes
William of Normandy
conquered England
Henry II married
Eleanor of Aquitaine
– Normandy, part of
France
– Heir to lands in France
– Henry now controlled
more French land than
the French king
William’s successors
believed the ruled
Normandy and
England
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Causes
French monarch
Philip II regained
most land
French king Philip
dies
– Defeats Eleanor’s son,
King John
French kings wanted
all claimed land,
however
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– King Edward III of
England is Philip’s
grandson and declares
himself king of France
– Philip of Valois,
French successor,
prepares for war
against Edward
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Major Battles
England won at Crecy and Agincourt
– Victories due to the weapons they used
– Longbow was particularly effective
– Capable of piercing heavy armor at 300 yards
– French crossbow men retreat at longbow
impacts
– At Crecy, first use of cannon-like weapon
– Things look bad for France—enter Joan of
Arc
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Joan of Arc
Born 3 years before
Agincourt
Grew up in small
French Village
Peasant girl
Couldn’t read or write
Left home at 17
Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc
Insisted she received
messages from God
to save France from
the English
Persuaded Charles to
give her troops
Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc
Orleans
(awr*lay*AHN) had
been besieged by the
English for months
French troops
inspired by her piety
and sincerity, defeat
the English
“Maid of Orleans”
Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc
After her victory, she
was captured by
rivals of French king
and sold to the
English
English burned her at
the stake
Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc
Her courage inspired
the French to rally
around their king and
they expelled the
English from their
lands
War ended in 1453
Port of Calais was
only remaining
English land
Joan of Arc
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Effects of the War
The war deeply effected the peoples of
France and England
France had suffered more severely
Victory gave France a new sense of unity
In the short run, English defeat led to
bitterness among nobles who had lost
French lands
In the long run, England could now focus
on problems at home—a good thing
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Effects of the War
Hastened the decline of feudalism
Use of firearms and longbows made
warfare with castles and mounted knights
outdated
Monarchs replaced feudal armies with
national armies of hired soldiers
Monarchs raised taxes to maintain the
army
People willingly paid for the security
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France
During the 1400s, France’s monarchy won
much power and prestige
Louis XI strengthened the bureaucracy,
kept the nobles under control, and
promoted trade and agriculture
He worked to unite all French feudal lands
under his crown, in particular the
prosperous area of Burgundy
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England
New struggle in
England: Wars of
the Roses
– House of
Lancaster: red
rose
– House of York:
white rose
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England
Edward, Duke of
York, overthrew the
weak Lancaster
dynasty and became
King Edward IV
Upon his death,
Edward’s two sons
were in line to the
throne
King Edward IV
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England
His brother made
himself King Richard
III
He put his two
nephews in the Tower
of London where they
were probably
murdered
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England
Richard tried to rule
but lacked support
King Henry VII, the
first Tudor king,
defeated him
King Richard III
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England
King Henry VII
strengthened the
monarchy
Eliminated royal
claimants to throne
He had few
challengers
Tudor dynasty lasted
100 years
King Henry VII
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Spain
During late 1400s,
Spain emerged as
European power
Before Pope Urban II
called for crusades,
Spain was involved in
reconquista
– Reconquest of land
taken by Muslims
– Ferdinand of Aragon
Ferdinand of Aragon
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Spain
Even before the Crusades, the Christian
rulers of Spain had been fighting for the
re-conquest of Muslim areas in Spain
– Only Granada in the south remained in the
hands of the Moors, or Spanish Muslims
During the late A.D. 1400s, Spain
emerged as a leading European power
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Spain
In A.D. 1469
Ferdinand of Aragon
and Isabella of Castile
were married
Two kingdoms
maintained separate
governments
Ferdinand and Isabella
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Spain
Assemblies known as
“cortes,” in which
nobles were powerful,
had the right to review
royal policies
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Isabella
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Spain
The two monarchs
worked together to
strengthen royal
power
Set up special courts
in the countryside to
enforce royal power
Ferdinand
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Spain
In A.D. 1492 their
armies forced the
surrender of the last
Moorish stronghold at
Granada
Ferdinand
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Spain
They ended religious toleration. They
wanted all Spanish to be Catholics
– Spanish Jews and Moors were ordered to
convert or to leave Spain
– The departure of the Jews and the moors
weakened Spain’s economy
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Spain
Set up inquisition to
try Jews and moors
suspected of
practicing their
religion.
Strengthened the
monarchy
Limited contacts with
other parts of world
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The Troubled Church
Chapter 13
Section 4
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Main Idea
The Church came under pressure to
reform
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Terms to Define
Pilgrimage
Simony
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People to Meet
Pope Clement V
John Wycliffe
The Lollards
Jan Hus
The Hussites
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Places to Locate
Avignon
Bohemia
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Overview
Many people turned to the Church for
comfort and help during difficult times
Ceremonies multiplied and many went on
“pilgrimages”—journeys to holy places
Monarchies weakened the temporal
(worldly) influence of the Church
Growing middle class began to question
the authority and teachings of the Church
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Babylonian Captivity
During the early A.D.
1300s, the papacy
came under the
influence of the
French monarchy
– A French archbishop
was elected Pope
Clement V
Pope Clement V
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Babylonian Captivity
A few years later, the
pope moved his court
from Rome to
Avignon (southern
France) where it
remained until A.D.
1377.
Attempt to escape
Italian civil wars
Pope Clement V
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Babylonian Captivity
The long period of the
exile of the popes at
Avignon came to be
known as the
Babylonian Captivity,
after the period of the
exile of the Jews in
Babylon
Pope Clement V
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Babylonian Captivity
People started
believing the pope
had become
corrupted by society
and dominated by
French monarchs
Pope Gregory XI
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Babylonian Captivity
“Here reign the successors of the poor
fisherman from Galilee; they have
strangely forgotten their origin. I am
astounded to see these men loaded with
gold and clad in purple, boasting of the
spoils of princes and nations”
– Petrarch, Italian poet
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The Great Schism
In A.D. 1377, Pope
Gregory XI returned
to Rome
– After his death,
Roman mobs forced
College of Cardinals to
elect Italian pope
Protection towers for papal
decisions
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The Great Schism
After being forced by
Roman mobs to elect
an Italian as pope, the
College of Cardinals
declared the election
invalid and elected a
second pope, who
settled in Avignon
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Pope Gregory XI returns to
Rome
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The Great Schism
The world now had
two popes, one in
Avignon and one in
Rome
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The Great Schism
Lasted from A.D. 1378 to 1471
Undermined the pope’s authority
– People wondered how a Divinely chosen
leader could be more than one person
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Calls for a Council
Kings, princes, and church scholars called
for church reform
The most popular proposed remedy to the
Great Schism was a general church
council
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Calls for a Council
Political decisions made it almost
impossible to reach agreement on the
nature of the council
– Different rulers supported different popes
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Calls for a Council
A.D. council met in Pisa, Italy to unite
Church behind the pope
Resulted in the election of a third pope—
the others would not resign
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Calls for a Council
In A.D. 1414, a council in Germany forced
the resignation of all three popes and
elected Pope Martin V
Now, disillusioned with the church, many
people felt closer to their monarchs than
the church
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Calls for Reform
Many Europeans disliked abuses within
the Church, including the clergy’s means
of raising money
People particularly disliked “simony”—the
selling of Church positions
Princely lifestyles of the clergy displeased
people as well
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John Wycliffe
Scholar at Oxford
University, wanted to
remove church
officials who were
immoral or corrupt
Claimed the Bible
was the sole authority
for religious truth—
began to write English
version
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John Wycliffe
Some of his followers,
the Lollards, angrily
criticized the Church
– Destroyed images of
saints, ridiculed the
Mass, and ate
communion bread with
onions to show that it
was no different from
ordinary bread
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Jon Wycliffe
Widespread antipapal feelings made it
difficult for the English government to
suppress Lollards
A supporter, Bohemian-born Queen Anne,
the wife of King Richard II
– She sent copies of Wycliffe’s writings to her
homeland in the Holy Roman Empire, where
they influenced another great religious
reformer—Jan Hus
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Jan Hus
A popular preacher and professor, led a
violent wave of Czech religious reform
Wanted to throw off German control
Wanted Church reforms
The church council in Constance
demanded he appear to explain his views
– He was promise safe passage by the Holy
Roman Emperor
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Jan Hus
When Hus was
burned at the stake
as a heretic, his death
caused many Czechs
to rally around their
new martyr
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Jan Hus
Holy Roman Emperor
promised him safe
passage to the
Council of Constance,
but didn’t happen
Became a martyr
Jan Hus
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Jan Hus
Supporters of Hus
resisted the Church
– Called Hussites
– Five crusades were
launched against them
Hussites defeat the
Church crusades
Jan Hus execution
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Jan Hus
In A.D. 1436 representatives of the Pope
and the Holy Roman emperor reached a
compromise with the Hussite leaders,
giving them certain religious liberties in
return for their allegiance to the church
Hus ideas did not go away
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Review
What are major features of the High
Middle Ages worth noting?
– High Middle Ages, around A.D. 1000, sparked
giant leap forward in improved conditions in
Europe.
– Great cathedrals still standing today mark the
development of great cities
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Review
Significance of High Middle Ages…
– Major labor unions of today are related to
guilds of the Middle Ages
– Institutions of higher learning mark the
beginning of universities
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Review
High Middle Age features most
noteworthy…
– The development of national languages
– The development of the middle class, playing
a key role today
– Better agricultural technologies for more food
production
Food growth produced increased population and
rise of towns/cities
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Review
Features of High Middle Ages worth
noting…
– The revival of trade, expansion of cities, and
development of money opened new doors for
people to make a living
Lives of people were expanded and enriched
Created the foundation for mostly urban industrial
society
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Review
Features of the High Middle Ages worth
noting…
– Cultural revival led to new centers of
learning—universities, etc.
– The use of reason to better study law and
theology
– Development of vernacular literature,
appealing to knights and peasants
– Increase in number and size of churches
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