CHILD ABUSE
by
DR.BEULAH SHEKHAR
Coordinator cum Reader
Victimology & Victim Assistance
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli
Tamil Nadu
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
Introduction
Child rights / human rights and Child Abuse
Definition of child abuse.
Magnitude of the Problem
Types of child abuse.
Causes of child abuse.
Behavior indicators of child abuse.
Physical indicators of child abuse.
Effects of child abuse
Abuser Profile
Legal Provisions in India
Prevention of Child abuse
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Initiatives in India
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Slumdog Millionaire – an Oscar winner
for the film industry
The story line of the movie – a harsh
reality for many street children in India.
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Introduction
Childhood, world over is not homogeneous ;
Several childhoods co-exist depending on the
Social status
economic status
physical ability
mental ability
geographical location and
other differences
The above factors determine the degree of their vulnerability to abuse.
Therefore Child abuse, a global problem , occurs in a variety of forms and is
deeply rooted in the cultural, economic and social practices of the countries
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History illustrates, children are never a priority for any
government.
The reality is that they have no voting rights and
consequently there is ‘investment’ in the vote bank like the
other schemes of the politician, hence this disregard of
their right to protection.
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Child rights / Human Rights and Child abuse
The government’s responses to child rights have until recently been erected
through a welfarist approach –- where children are looked at as passive
recipients, and the State as the benevolent giver.
Children are neither the property of their caretakers/ parents nor are they
helpless objects of charity.
They are human beings and are the subject of their own rights.
The Government has to formulate policy and accountable delivery systems
for the realization of child rights.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) sets out the rights that
must be realized for children to develop their full potential, free from abuse
and neglect.
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Child Rights Are Human Rights
There is a definitive shift from addressing children’s issues as a matter of
charity to a matter of deliverable entitlements.
The Convention offers a revelation of the child as an individual and as a
member of a family and community, with age specific rights and
responsibilities for each stage of development.
By recognizing children's rights, the Convention firmly sets the focus on the
whole child and reflects a new revelation of the child.
Therefore the CRC the Magna Carta for the Children of the World, broadly
classifies the rights of the child into four groups
Right to Survival
Right to Protection
Right to Development and the
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Right to Participation
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From RHETORIC TO REALITY
Despite the existence of the Magna Carta –the CRC ant the ratifiaction by
most nations ,the children of the world endure
– poverty,
– homelessness,
– abuse,
– neglect,
– preventable diseases,
– unequal access to education and
– justice systems that do not recognize their special needs.
These are problems that occur in both developed and developing
countries.
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In 1999, the WHO Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention compared
definitions of abuse from 58 countries and drafted the following definition:
Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of
physical and/or
emotional ill-treatment,
sexual abuse,
neglect or negligent treatment or
commercial or other exploitation,
resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s
health,
survival,
development or
dignity
in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.’’
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Other Definitions of Child Abuse
……The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation,
negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of
18 by a person who is responsible for the child’s welfare under
circumstances which indicate that the child’s health or welfare
is harmed or threatened.
…..Any behavior directed toward a child that endangers or impairs
a child’s physical or emotional health and development
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Definition of child abuse
Any action, whether it is a single or continuous
violation that infringes any rights provided in the
Convention on the Rights of the Child,
constitutes Abuse !
In Tamil Abuse means ` Urimai Meeral `
Literally translated means `Violation of rights`
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Magnitude of the problem
The Children of India constitute
the second largest child population in the world.
the largest number of children in work
44,476 children were missing in India
ILO estimates that 218 million children (The largest in the world ) in
India were involved in child labor, of whom 126 million were
engaged in hazardous work.
5.7 million were victims of forced or bonded labour,
1.8 million were victims of prostitution and child pornography and
1.2 million were victims
of trafficking
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STUDY ON CHILD ABUSE :
INDIA 2007 A report by Ministry of Women and Child Development
This is the first time the government has done such an exhaustive survey on the
controversial issue of child abuse. These statistics not only shatter the age old myth
of only girls being the victims but also brings to light the need for boys being given
equal protection.
19% of the world’s children live in India.
42% of India’s total population are aged below eighteen.
Two out of every three children in India are physically abused,
53% of the surveyed children reported one or more forms of sexual abuse.
Around 54.22 per cent of the boys and 22.54 per cent of girls from the city have
faced severe forms of abuse like rape, sodomy, touching or fondling, being forced to
exhibit private parts and photographed in the nude.
Over 82.43 per cent boys and 58.69 per cent girls from the city have faced other
forms of abuse like forcible kissing, sexual advances during travel, family gatherings
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and
being exposed to pornographic
materials.
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Sources: United States Dept. of Health and Human Services United States
Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, United States Department of
Justice
More than three children die each day in the United States from child abuse and
neglect.
By age 18, one of every four girls and one of every six boys has been sexually abused.
It is estimated that 100,000-500,000 children are sexually abused each year.
Eighty-five percent of sexual assaults on children are committed by someone the child
knows and usually trusts A report of child abuse is made – on average - every 10
seconds.
Each day in the United States, more than three children die as a result of child abuse in
the home. Head trauma is the leading cause of child abuse death among babies. This
includes Shaken Baby Syndrome, which kills 25% of its victims. The majority of
survivors suffer brain damage.
Most child abuse and neglect fatalities are children below the age of 6.
Girls are sexually abused four times more often than boys, while boys are a greater
risk of emotional neglect and serious injury.
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MAGNITUDE OF THE
PROBLEM
It doesn't matter what statistics say.
Whether the percentage of abused children is 25 or 75 or
whether it is 58.67843 is unimportant.
My contention is that ….
Each child that is abused is one too many and that the state
is accountable !
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TYPES OF ABUSE
Definition Of : Physical abuse is the intentional injury of a child,
ranging from minor bruises and lacerations to death.
Suffocating
Types of Physical Abuse
Burning
Hitting
Shaking
Tying Up
Beating
Throwing
Scalding
Biting
Kicking
Choking
Pinching
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The following are physical indicators of physical abuse:
Unexplained bruises/welts on face, mouth, torso, buttock, thighs that
are:
In various stages of healing, clustered, forming regular patterns,
reflecting shape of object (loop, cord, etc.)
Regularly appear after absence, weekend or vacation
Unexplained fractures (skull, nose, facial) in various stages of
healing, often spiral fractures
Unexplained lacerations or abrasions (mouth, lips, eyes, external
genitalia)
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The following are behavioral indicators of physical abuse:
Unable to explain injury or explanations are inconsistent with
the injury
Frightened of parent of caretaker, afraid to go home
Reports intentional injury
Changes in behavior or school performance
Poor self-image
Wary of adult contact, guarded
Behavioral extremes
Suicidal thoughts
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Definition: Neglect occurs when the parent fails to provide a child
with basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care,
education or proper supervision
Physical Indicators
– Failure to Thrive
– Dirty/hungry children
– Medical neglect
– Body Odor
– Lack of dental care
– Inadequate shelter
– Safety issues
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The following are behavioral indicators of neglect:
Lack of parental response
Excessive sleeping
Begging for food
Attention seeking behaviors
Excessive absences from school
Child / caretaker abusing drugs or alcohol
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Definition: Emotional abuse may occur when a
parent/caregiver fails to provide the understanding,
warmth, attention, and supervision the child needs for
healthy psychological growth.
Also, when a parent/caregiver ignores, terrorizes,
blames, belittles or otherwise makes a child feel that he’s
worthless and incompetent
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Physical Indicators
Speech disorders
Failure to Thrive
Motor coordination delays
Emotional delays
Signs of unexplained fear or panic
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The following are behavioral indicators of emotional abuse:
Habit disorders; sucking, biting, rocking
Conduct disorders; antisocial, destructive
Behavior extremes
Overly adaptive behavior
Attempted suicide or self-destructive behaviors
Low self esteem
Problems with attention
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Definition: Sexual abuse occurs when an adult exploits a child for sexual
gratification. Sexual abuse is not limited to intercourse. Exposing oneself
to a child and fondling a child’s genitals are considered sexual abuse.
So is using a child for production of pornographic materials.
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Voyeurism
•Sodomy
Fondling
•Oral-genital
Child prostitution
stimulation
Child pornography
•Verbal stimulation
Intercourse
•Exhibitionism
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Possible physical symptoms include:
– Pain and/or bleeding in anal or genital area
– Difficulty walking, sitting
– Displays age-inappropriate play with toys, self
or others
– Inappropriate knowledge about sex
– Child reports sexual abuse
– Venereal disease or pregnancy
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The following are some behavioral indicators of sexual abuse:
Unwilling to change clothing
Poor peer relationships
Lack of privacy in home
Delinquent or running away behavior
Masturbating excessively
Overly affectionate with others
Self-destructive behaviors
Promiscuity
Sudden, unexplained change of behavior
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Indicators of Child Abuse
Type of
Abuse
Physical Indicators
Physical
Unexplained bruises, welts,
Wary of adult contact, frightened of
burns, fractures, or bald patches parents or afraid to go home, withdrawn
on scalp
or aggressive, moves uncomfortably,
wears inappropriate clothing for weather
Sexual
Difficulty walking or sitting; torn
or stained/blood underclothes;
pain, itching, bruises, swelling
in genital area; frequent urinary
or yeast infections
Advanced sexual knowledge, promiscuity,
sudden school difficulties, self-imposed
social isolation, avoidance of physical
contact or closeness, depression
Emotional
Speech or communicative
disorder, delayed physical
development, exacerbation of
existing conditions, substance
abuse
Habit disorders, antisocial or destructive
behaviors, neurotic traits, behavior
extremes, developmental delays
Neglect
Consistent hunger, poor
hygiene, inappropriate dress,
unattended medical problems,
underweight, failure to thrive
Self-destructive behaviors, begging or
stealing food, constant fatigue, assuming
adult responsibilities or concerns,
frequently absent or tardy, states no
caretaker in home
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Behavioral Indicators
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Causes
Child
Abuse
Understanding the causes of of
abuse
is crucial
to addressing the problem of child
abuse.
1. Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely to physically
abuse their children. Whether Domestic Violence is a cause of child abuse,
or if both the marital discord and abuse are caused by tendencies in the
abuser is still debated.
2. Substance abuse is a major contributing factor to child abuse. Studies found
that
parents with documented substance abuse, most commonly alcohol,
cocaine, and heroin, were much more likely to abuse their children,
There is a relationships between alcohol and physical abuse, and
There is a relationships between cocaine and sexual abuse
More than 2/3 of cases of child maltreatment involved parents with
substance abuse problems.
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3.
Studies show that many juvenile sex offenders are also
victims of sexual abuse. History of Abuse is also a cause for
child abuse
4.
Some NGOs claim that cultural norms that sanction physical
punishment are one of the causes of child abuse, and have
undertaken campaigns to redefine such norms.
5.
In 2009 CBS News reported that child abuse in the United
States had increased during the economic recession.
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Three Major Components
Child Abuse
Child
+
Care Giver
+
Stress
=
Child Abuse
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Causes of Stress Associated With The Child
An unwanted child
A child that is differently abled
A crying, irritable child
A hyperactive child
A child that reminds the parent or someone they do not like
A low birth-weight child stay in the hospital for a prolonged
period of time.
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Causes of Stress Associated With The Parent:
Abused as a child
Single parent due to death desertion divorce or workibng out of the country
Alcohol or other drugs.
Low self-esteem
Isolation
Husband uninvolved and critical
Emotional immaturity
Postpartum depression
Unrealistic expectations
Stress of unemployment
Financial stress
Mental illness
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The effects of child abuse depend on the
type
of
Abuse.
Various studies shows that
1. Childhood verbal abuse had a stronger association with anger-hostility
2. abuse or neglect were related to chronic conditions, high risk health
behaviors and shortened live span.
3. emotional and sexual abuse were strongly related to adult depressive
symptoms
4. Victims of physical abuse have a higher risk of developing cancer.
5.
Some reportedly suffer from some type of chronic head, abdominal,
pelvic, or muscular pain with no identifiable reason
6.
Some reportedly suffer from some type of chronic head, abdominal,
pelvic, or muscular pain with no identifiable reason
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6.
80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of
disorganized attachment.
7.
Victims of childhood abuse, it is claimed, also suffer from different types
of physical health problems later in life.
8.
The Economic Impact of Violence and Abuse makes the case that such
exposure represents a serious and costly public health issue that should
be addressed by the health care system.
9.
Children with a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of
developing psychiatric problems or a disorganized attachment style.
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Abuser Profile
A substantial number of the abusers were "persons in trust and care-givers" who
included parents, relatives and school teachers. The Potentially Abuser can be
people who
Have been raised in a non-nurturing or abusive home
Have a poor self-concept or depression
Are in a violent spousal relationship
Are isolated- physically, socially, emotionally
Have unrealistic expectations of child
Are young parents
Are Untrained Un bonded caretakers, i.e.. boyfriends/girlfriends
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The Indian Constitution 1950 has several provisions that strongly
articulate its commitment to children
1.The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act
2006,
2. the proposed Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Amendment Bill
2006,
3.Offences Against Children Bill, and
4.the Child Marriage Bill
5.Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques
(Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act
6.Protection of Child Rights Act 2005,
This decade is seeing the highest rate of legislative action on
any one constituency or issue in the history of India
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In India, parents are often reluctant to admit child abuse and sexual abuse of
children involving family members is almost always hushed up.
Perhaps that is why - as the study shows - more than 50% of the young
adults surveyed wanted the matter of abuse to remain within the family.
Only 17% of the abused young adults wanted harsh punishment for the
abusers.
Pinki Virani, for the first time in India published with facts and figures on
sexual child abuse in the year 2000 in her book `Bitter Chocolate` and broke
silence to narrate her own experience of abuse by an extended family
member. Incest was denied .
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Age old maxim ……….
Prevention is better than cure…..
Stitch in time saves nine…..
And the list of proverbs goes on and on..
What is prevention ?
Parenting is preventing
Child protection is prevention
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The three pronged approach that that
every government should concentrate on
– the prevention of child abuse
– The protection of their rights and
– Ending impunity for these heinous crimes
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Two institutions play a very important role in prevention of
child abuse victimization:
Protection- Protection is the job of the parent / caregiver /
government
Prosecution - Prosecution is the job of the state at the
national level and the ICC at the International
level
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The Government has formulated policy the NICP /
ICPS is a definitive shift from addressing children’s
issues from a rights perspective
But implementation requires budget allocation and more
often than not these legislations remain a rhetoric and
not a reality for children on India
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The problem is the govts reaction is triggered by tragedies such as the
killings of more than 30 children in Nithari, Delhi, the knee-jerk reaction to
which, was immediate consensus on the passing of the Offences Against
Children Bill, 2005
The State infrastructure and services for children in need are poor both in
terms of number and quality
This inadequacy of the infrastructure is due to the to skewed budgetary
allocations of funds for child rights for Child protection in India
 2008- 2009- 180 crores - 37.5 million dollars
 2009- 2010 - 54 crores - 11 ¼ million dollars
 Child protection receiving a negligible budgetary allocation of 0.34% of the
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Union Budget resources
for children.
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PREVENTION
Henry Fielding, the father of crime
prevention, in the 1700s gave three ways
to prevent crime these methods holds
good even today to prevent Child Abuse
Victimisation present day scenario.
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Legal and executive methods – This includes the recently enacted JJ
legislation and implementation through the appointment of Child
protection officers, selection of service providers and the sensitization of
the police officers and setting up of all women’s police stations. To tackle
child sexual abuse, the Delhi High Court has called for a more stringent
law, on May 2, 2009 saying the definition of rape under section 376 IPC
should be made age and gender neutral.
Peoples cooperation methods - This will be creating awareness through
the NGOs and the other community workers regarding the existence of
the Child helpline (1098)
Removal of causes of abuse from the society – the eradication of the
social evils and change in the socialization s which leads to the treatment
of children like property
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Prevention of Child abuse should can be focused at three levels.
At the primary level, the focus can be on removing the causes,
strengthening the child's competence to recognize and react, increasing
parental awareness, strengthening social vigilance, and bringing in
effective and punitive penal policy.
At the secondary level, the emphasis should be on early detection,
quick intervention and provision of a supportive environment in schools
and families.
Tertiary intervention should involve coordination among the police,
courts, counselors, doctors and social workers.MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH
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Awareness created on 19th November the
world day for prevention of child abuse
and designated as the WORLD DAY FOR
PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE
November 19th
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Ten….nine…eight…. 1098
CHILDLINE – A help line or
perhaps a life line for the street
children of India
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Objectives of Childline
1.
To facilitate a clear understanding of and commitment to Child Rights and
Child Protection and create a child –friendly environment among the Allied
Systems.
2.
To enhance in the Allied Systems an understanding of Child Rights and the
law.
3.
To evolve a more child – friendly approach and intervention by the Allied
Systems both at the organisational and individual levels.
4.
To determine avenues of collaboration between
Allied Systems and CHILDLINE resulting in the development of various
programmes and services for Child Protection.
5.
To advocate on issues related to the protection of Child Rights.
6.
To encourage the systems to elicit children’s participation in all processes.
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ROLE OF PARTNERS
Partners
Role
Children of
India
1.
Participation in city level planning and city
mapping
2. Involvement in training, advocacy and
awareness
3. Feedback on Allied Systems
Ministry
1. Leadership, promoting involvement of state
Women &
governments
Child
2. Sharing information with other concerned
Developme
ministries /departments
nt
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NISD
1. Funding training activities
2. Documentation and research
3. monitoring and evaluation
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CIF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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National strategy development, including sustainability
planning
Resource mobilisation
Development of strategy for awareness creation and
publishing of awareness materials - with support from
media
Development of a national resource directory of
resource persons and organisations and also
guidelines for training modules
Coordination of the implementation of NICP at national
and state levels ( with NGOs and the academic
institutions etc.)
Financial accounting (budgets and disbursement of
funds)
Provision of technical inputs and develop monitoring
systems
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Facilitation of feedback
from children
NGO’s
1.
Planning and organization of training programmes for NGO’s
ToT for master trainers and for each of the Allied Systems and
adapt training modules to meet specific needs
2.
Documentation of workshops
3.
Preparation and implementation of plan of action (including
budgets) and liason with respective nodal officers of each of
the Allied Systems and other NGO’s academic institutions, etc.
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4.
Coordination with CIF on all aspects of child protection
5.
Preparation and utilisation of a directory of resource persons
6.
Building partnerships with media in the state /city
7.
Facilitation and documentation of feedback from children.
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State or
local
Govts.
1.
Formulating polices for children
2.
Facilitating training of senior level functionaries of
Allied Systems at city level and of personnel from
all relevant departments
3.
Coordinating participation of all the relevant state
department sin training programmes and
facilitate implementation of Child Protection
initiatives by the participants.
4.
Identifying existing training programmes to which
child protection can be linked
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Academic
and training •Including CRC/NICP in the curriculum –NSS,
institutions
NCC, and Scout activities
•Undertaking research and provide research
support
•Encouraging student participation in
implementation
•Nominating resource persons as well as trainees
and provide infrastructural support for training.
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Multi
•Participating in state and city level activities
National
•Funding support, advocacy, awareness
Companies
and other
agencies
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National
•Advocating and supervising the functioning of
commissions
the Child Rights Commission and the National
Code for Children
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Allied
systems
1.
Facilitating the implementation of NICP plan
2.
Facilitating the training of personnel from all
relevant departments
3.
Nominating resource persons as well as
trainees for training
4.
Organising consultations with Mayor and
Councilors, President and members of the Zilla
parishads.
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Interdependence of government
Organizations, NGO’s and Corporate
Government organisations
Enforcing authority
Manpower
Funds
They come in direct contact and can identify
victims
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The CHILDLINE colaborated with the Ministry and initiates the
National initiative for Child Protection (NICP) whose focus is
sharing an understanding of issues related to children with the
Allied Systems
the police,
transport,
health,
railways,
labour department,
DOT,
the Juvenile Welfare Boards
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Child Welfare committee
60
NGO’s
Drive and dedication
Time
They are the front line professionals as they are
the ones the children approach first.
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Corporates
Money power
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility – their debt to the
society
Tax exemption for funding research and projects
Together they can work to prevent child Abuse Victimization
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THANK YOU .
QUESTIONS ?
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