ORGANS THAT CONSTITUTE
THE URINARY SYSTEM?????
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

► Abnormal constituents of urine
 Protein (Albumin), blood/ haemoglobin, cells & tissue casts, pus, glucose, ketone bodies,etc
► Abnormal volume of urine
► Pain and dysuria
► Uraemia

Etiology
•virus - ICH
•BacteriaE.coli, Streptococci, C. renale,
Leptospira
•
•Parasites-
Dirofilaria immitis, Dioctophima renale
•Toxins
•Autoimmune diseases

Clinical Signs
► Rise in body temperature
► Polydypsia and polyuria followed by anuria
► Rough and staring body coat
► Uraemia and vomiting
► Cloudy urine

Clinical Signs (contd.)
► Blood, haemoglobin, cells and tissue cast, pus in urine
► Puffy eyelids in glomerular nephritis
► Stiff gait, arching of back and pain in the lumbar region

►
►
From clinical signs
Urine analysis
 Physical Examination : Volume, colour, transparency, odour, foam, specific gravity.
► Chemical analysis: pH, proteins, glucose, ketone bodies, bile, blood, etc.

Microscopic analysis: cells, microorganisms, casts, parasites, spermatozoa, sediments, etc.

►
Antibiotics - for 7-10 days
►
Frusemide @ 4.4 mg/kg b.i.d
►
Corticosteriods
►
Vit B complex and proteins
►
Dextrose normal saline- slow i/v
►
Low sodium diet and plenty of water

Contraindications
Antibiotics Cephalosporins, isoniazid, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, vancomycin, gentamicin, neomycin
NSAIDs
Diuretics
Almost all agents
Furosemide, thiazides, triamterene
Miscellaneous Acyclovir, captopril, cocaine, famotidine, ranitidine

► More common in females due to the short urethra.
► Interference with the act of micturition- retention of urine enhance bacterial multiplication.
► Invasion of bladder lead to shedding of epithelium, erosion and haemorrhage

Etiology
► Ascending infection
► Descending infection
► Bacteria – Corynebacterium renale, E. coli,
Pseudomonas, Streptococci, Staphylococci, etc

Clinical findings
► Animal dull, depressed, inappetance
► Frequent attempt to urinate with small quantity of urine
► Dysuria and abdominal pain
 Male dogs adopt squatting posture during urination
► Urine cloudy containing blood
(haematuria) and cells.
► Body coat appears rough and starring.

Treatment
► Inj. Antibiotics: for 7-10 days
► Urine pH

Urine of herbivores- alkaline

Urine of carnivores- acidic
► Urinary antiseptics- Hexamine
► Urinary acidifier such as sodium acid phosphate
► Inj. Corticosteriods

Treatment (contd.)
► Inj antihistamines
► Inj. Dextrose-i/v
► In case of haematuria-

Inj. Vit C or vit K.

Inj Iron
 Inj Vit B complex
► Give plenty of drinking water.

Drugs that work well in specific pH
Acidic pH
Oxyteracycline
Tetracycline
Cephalosporines
Penicillin
Alkaine pH
Gentamicin
Streptomycin
Erythromycin
Trimethoprim
Both pH
Sulpha drugs
Streptopenicillin
Ampicillin
Norfloxacin
Nalidixic acid
Cephalexin
Cephaloridine

Obstructive Urolithiasis
(urinary calculi or stone)
► Obstruction of the urinary tract by urinary calculi.
► Common sites:
 bladder, kidney, urethra at the ischial arch and the sigmoid flexure.

Urethra in domestic animals

► Feeding high concentrates
► Pasture containing high oxalate and silica
► Hypervitaminosis D
► Avitaminosis A
► High estrogen intake
► Less water intake

Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone with Uric Acid Nidus

Common calculi in different species
► Dogs: Calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate
► Cattle/horse: Calcium/ magnesium/ ammonium phosphate
► Pig: Calcium/ magnesium carbonate, magnesium phosphate

Clinical signs
► Anorexia and lethargy
► Small amount of urine in partial obstruction to anuria in complete obstruction.
► Repeated attempts to urinate but in vain.
► Abdominal pain
► Per rectal examination: distended /flattened UB
► Distended ventral abdomen if UB ruptured.

Treatment
► Location of the site of obstruction can be done by passing a urinary catheter.
► Tab cystone - 3-4 tab daily x 15-20 days
► Allopurinol @ 10 mg/kg p.o. t.i.d x 4 wks
► Inj. Antibiotics
► Surgical intervention- urethrotomy and removal of the calculi.

Drugs safe for use
► Penicillin
► Ampicillin
► Erythromicin
► Chloramphenicol

Urinary incontinence
Constant dribbling of urine due to loss of voluntary control of micturation. This could be due to:

Bladder paralysis- damage of nerve

Abnormal disposition of urinary organs

Oestrogen and testosterone responsive incontinence

Obstruction of urethra http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZ0o6ubcYEA

Treatment
► Attempt should be made to control the primary cause
► Measures to prevent infection
► Empty distended bladder
► Neurovitamins to induce contraction power of urinary bladder