Chapter 16
Lecture Outline*
Regulation of Organic
Metabolism and Energy Balance
Eric P. Widmaier
Boston University
Hershel Raff
Medical College of Wisconsin
Kevin T. Strang
University of Wisconsin - Madison
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figures and tables pre-inserted into
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1
Absorptive State
Fig. 16-1
2
Cholesterol Balance
Fig. 16-2
3
Postabsorptive State
Fig. 16-3
4
Endocrine and Neural Control of the
Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
Fig. 16-4
5
Insulin Effects
Fig. 16-5
6
Insulin Signaling
Fig. 16-6
7
Insulin Target Tissues
Fig. 16-7
8
Insulin
Fig. 16-8
9
Glucagon
Fig. 16-10
10
Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nerves to
Liver and Adipose Tissue
Fig. 16-11
11
Cortisol
12
Growth Hormone
• The effects of growth hormone on
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, although
minor, are similar to cortisol and opposite
those of insulin.
13
Summary of Hormonal Controls
14
Energy Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress
Fig. 16-12
15
Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure
Total energy expenditure =
Internal heat produced + External work performed + Energy stored
16
Metabolic Rate
17
Regulation of Total-Body Energy Stores
Energy from food intake =
Internal heat produced + External work + Energy stored
Energy stored =
Energy from food intake – (Internal heat produced + External work)
18
Leptin
Fig. 16-13
19
Control of Food Intake
Fig. 16-14
20
Overweight and Obesity
• Overweight is defined as a state in which an
increased amount of fat in the body results in a
significant impairment of health.
• Obesity denotes a particularly large
accumulation of fat – that is, extreme
overweight.
21
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and
Bulimia Nervosa
• Anorexia nervosa is characterized by
decreased food intake so severely that the
person may die of starvation.
• Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent
episodes of binge eating usually associated
with self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or
vigorous exercise.
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What Should We Eat?
23
Regulation of Body Temperature
Fig. 16-15
24
Mechanisms of Heat Loss or Gain
Fig. 16-16
25
Temperature-Regulating Reflexes
Fig. 16-17
26
Fever and Hyperthermia
Fig. 16-18
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Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke
Fig. 16-19
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Insulin Deficiency
Fig. 16-20
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Hypoglycemia
• Hypoglycemia is broadly defined as an abnormally low plasma
glucose concentration.
• Fasting hypoglycemia can be understood in terms of the
regulation of blood glucose concentration.
1. An excess of insulin due to an insulin-producing tumor, drugs that
stimulate insulin secretion, or taking too much insulin (if the person
is diabetic).
2. A defect in one or more glucose-counterregulatory controls, for
example, inadequate glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis due to
liver disease, or cortisol deficiency.
• Symptoms: Increased heart rate, trembling, nervousness, sweating,
and anxiety, headache, confusion, dizziness, loss of coordination,
and slurred speech, convulsions and coma.
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