Physical Exams Symposium
Measuring fitness
Measuring Fitness
• Mark D. Hopkins, M.D.
• Board-Certified Orthopedic Surgeon
Measuring fitness
• Sit ups
• Push ups
• Pull ups
Weight Measurement Versus Waist
Measurement
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Which is better
Or should we be doing it another way?
Cost Effectiveness
Time Effectiveness
SIT UPS
SIT UPS
SIT UPS
SIT UPS
SIT UPS
SIT UPS
SIT UPS
PUSH UPS
PUSH UPS
PUSH UPS
PULL UPS
MEASURING FITNESS
MEASURING FITNESS
MEASURING FITNESS
• In order to measure,
we must define…
MEASURING FITNESS
• Encarta Definition: The ability of the
human body to function with vigor and
alertness, without undue fatigue, and with
ample energy to engage in leisure
activities, and to meet physical stresses.
MEASURING FITNESS
• CDC: Set of attributes a person has in
regards to a person’s ability to perform
physical activities that require aerobic
fitness, endurance, strength, or flexibility
and is determined by a combination of
regular activity and genetically inherited
ability.
MEASURING FITNESS
MEASURING FITNESS
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Fitness parameters
Cardio-respiratory endurance
Muscular Strength
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Body Composition
MEASURING FITNESS
• Components of fitness: Limit Strength,
Starting Strength, Explosive Strength,
Agility, Flexibility, Static Balance, Dynamic
Balance, Muscular Endurance, Speed
Endurance, Cardio-respiratory endurance,
Muscle Mass, Percent Body Fat, Freedom
from Stress, Freedom from Disease or
Injury, Preventive Lifestyle
MEASURING FITNESS
MEASURING FITNESS
• Benefits
• Decreased risk of hypertension, colon
cancer and diabetes
• Increased well being
• Decreased risk of coronary artery disease
• Increased immunity
• Decreased incidence of depression
BODY COMPOSITION
• Weight – BMI – Body Mass Index
Wt in lbs
X 703 = BMI
Ht” X Ht”
Wt in kg
= BMI
Ht M X Ht M
220 lbs
X 703 = 27.5
75” X 75”
99.79 kg
= 27.5
1.905M X 1.905M
BODY COMPOSITION
BODY COMPOSITION
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CDC Definitions
Underweight – less than 18.5
Recommended – 18.6 – 24.9
Overweight – 25.0 – 29.9
Obese – 30 or greater
64.5% of adults in U.S. are overweight
BODY COMPOSITION
• Advantages
• Easy and inexpensive
• Increased BMI correlates with increased
risk of heart disease, diabetes,
hypertension, some cancers and
osteoarthritis
BODY COMPOSITION
• Disadvantages
• BMI does not
distinguish fat from
muscle
BODY COMPOSITION
BODY COMPOSITION
BODY COMPOSITION
BODY COMPOSITION
• Waist measurements
• Fat around waist – more likely to develop
health problems than if around hips and
thighs. This is true even if BMI is normal.
• Women with waist more than 35 inches
• Men with waist more than 40 inches
BODY COMPOSITION
• Body fat percentage
• May be a better measure of risk
American Council of Exercise Guidelines
women
Essential fat 10-12%
Athletes
14-20%
Fitness
21-24%
Acceptable 25-31%
Obese
32%
men
2-4%
6-13%
14-17%
18-25%
26%
BODY COMPOSITION
BODY COMPOSITION
• Measuring body fat
Skin fold: accuracy varies greatly based on user’s abilities
BIA: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis accuracy 8% plus or minus
Cadaver analysis: The only direct method, but impractical
HW: Hydrostatic Weighing: gold standard, not easy, expensive
DXA: Dual energy xray absorpiometry, low dose radiation exposure,
trained tech, expensive equipment
BODPOD: new, expensive technology
BODY COMPOSITION
• Do you feel lost?
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Reversing the aging process…
• HTO, microfracture, OATS, carticel,
chondroitin, glucosamine, hyaluronase,
gene therapy
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Divided into relieving load bearing, with
secondary repair, metabolic engineering,
direct and indirect repair, transplantation
and direct chondrocyte cell DNA
modification
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
HTO, High Tibial Osteotomy
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Microfracture
CRATILAGE REGENERATION
• OATS –
Osteochondral
autograft resurfacing
mosaicplasty
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• OATS
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Carticel
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Chondroitin
Analysis of Glucosamine and
Chondroitin Sulfate Content in Marketed
Products and the Caco-2 Permeability of
Chondroitin Sulfate Raw Materials
Abimbola O. Adebowale, PhD, Donna S. Cox, MS,
Zhongming Liang, MS, Natalie D. Eddington, PhD,*
Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore,
Maryland
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Glucosamine
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Hyaluronase
CARTILAGE REGENERATION
• Gene therapy
QUESTIONS?