January 6 Bell Work
• What are two events that you feel were
important in the medical history.
• This can be an invention, discovery, procedure,
treatment, etc.
▫ Keep it simple – the creation the bifocal glasses
was a great invention, I couldn’t read without my
bifocals. (anyone know who created the bifocal?)
Introduction to Health
Occupations
Historical Events in Healthcare
Primitive Times
• 4000 BC – 3000 BC
▫ Believed that illness and disease was caused by
spirits and demons
▫ Herbs and plants used as medicines
▫ Trepanation, boring a hole in the skull was used to
treat mental illness, epilepsy and headache
▫ Average life span 20 years
Ancient Egyptians
• 3000 BC - 300 BC
▫ Imhotep - God of Healing
▫ Called upon the gods to heal them
▫ Believed diseases was caused by spiritual beings.
Spells and magic were used to treat.
 "These words are to be spoken over the sick person. ‘O Spirit,
male of female, who lurks hidden in my flesh and in my limbs,
get out of my flesh. Get out of my limbs!" This was a remedy for
a mother and child.
▫ Average life span 20-30
Ancient Chinese
• 1700 BC – 220 AD
▫ Believe that the mind, the body and the spirit are
all equally necessary when it comes to the health
of the person
▫ Recorded use of herbs for medication
▫ Began to search for medical reasons for illness
▫ Average life span 20-30 years
Ancient Greeks
• 1200 BC – 200 BC
▫ Began modern medical science by observing
human body and the effects of disease
▫ Hippocrates is called the Father of Medicine
 Recorded signs and symptoms of disease
 Created a high standard of ethics called the
Hippocratic Oath (still used today)
Ancient Greeks, continued
▫ Aristotle dissected animals and is called he
founder of comparative anatomy
▫ Used massage and art therapy, and herbal
treatments that are still used today
▫ Stressed diet and cleanliness as a way to prevent
illness
▫ Average life span 25-35 years
Ancient Romans
Aesculapius
• 753 BC – 410 AD
• Studied the Greek Medicine
▫ First to organize medical care for injured soldiers
▫ Diet, exercise, and medication were used to treat
disease
▫ Began public health and sanitation systems
 Created aqueducts to carry clean water
 Built sewers to carry waste materials away
 Average life expectancy 25 to 35 years
Bell Work January 9
1. Who is called the Father of Medicine?
2. Which culture believes that the mind, the body
and the spirit are all equally necessary when it
comes to the health of the person?
3. What is the term for boring a hole in the skull was
used to treat mental illness, epilepsy and
headache?
Dark Ages is a period of both cultural and economic deterioration
that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman
Empire.
• 400 – 800 AD
▫ Emphasis was placed on saving the soul and study
of medicine was prohibited
▫ Use of prayer to treat illness and disease
▫ Monks and priests provided care
▫ Average life span 20-30 years
Middle Ages
• 800 AD – 1400 AD
▫ Renewed interest in the medical practice by the
Greeks and Romans
▫ First medical universities in the 9th Century
▫ Bubonic Plague killed from ½ - ¾ of Europe and
Asia’s population – spread by infected bite of a
flea
▫ Used animal gut for suture material
▫ Average life span 20-35 years
Renaissance
• 1350 – 1650 AD
▫ Dissection of the body lead to a better
understanding of anatomy & physiology
▫ Michaelangelo and da Vinci used dissection to
draw the human body more realistically
▫ First published anatomy book (Andreas Vesalius)
▫ Average life span 30-40 years
16th and 17th Century
▫ Causes of diseases were still not known and many
people died from infections
▫ Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
in 1666
▫ Apothecaries (early pharmacies) made,
prescribed, and sold medications
▫ Average life span 35-45 years
January 10 and 11
• What invention in the 17th Century led to the
discovery of bacteria and viruses?
• The microscope
• Who drew the Anatomical Man during the
Renaissance?
• Leonardo da Vinci
18th Century
▫ Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury
thermometer
▫ Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals for glasses
▫ John Hunter, an English surgeon established
surgical procedures and introduced feeding tubes
▫ Average life span 40-50
19th Century
▫ Florence Nightengale became the founder of
modern nursing and established efficient and
sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War of
1854
▫ Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in
1881
▫ Average life span 40-60
20th Century
▫ Walter Reed found that mosquitoes carry yellow
fever
▫ Sigmund Freud’s studies became a foundation for
psychology and psychiatry
▫ Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
▫ Jonas Salk develop the polio vaccine
▫ Liver transplants, lung transplants, test tube
babies, cloning sheep, HIV, etc
▫ Average life span 60-70 years
From here………
• Leeches
Bloodletting
……….to here.
• Leeches
Bloodletting
Where are we headed?
• Cures for HIV, heart disease, cancer, diabetes.
• Stem cell research to find cures for genetic
disorder
• Methods to slow the aging process
• Average life span 90-100 years. 
Presentation for Friday (Monday)
• Pick a culture, idea, person, anything in
historical medicine that is of interest to you to
share with us on Friday
• You will have three to five minutes to share what
you learned.
Bell Work Friday 1/13
• What does the term of paraskevidekatriaphobics mean?
Guess……….
▫ Having a morbid or irrational fear of Friday the 13th
Bell Work 1/18, 1/19
• Do we have extracurricular activities available to
you at CTHS?
• What is a CTSO?
Trends in Health Care
• Growth – one of the largest and fastest growing
industries in the United States
• Employment opportunities – employs over 10
million workers in over 200 careers
• Cost – it is a two billion dollar per day business
and growing
Types of Services
• Inpatient services
(e.g., hospitals, long-term care)
• Outpatient services
(e.g., clinics, provider offices)
• Specialty services
(e.g., laboratories, mental health)
Health Care Facilities
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Laboratories
Home health care
Hospice agencies
Mental health facilities
Genetic counseling centers
Rehabilitation facilities
Health maintenance
organizations (HMOs)
• School health services
Health Care Facilities
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Hospitals
Long-term care facilities (LTC or LTCF)
Medical offices
Dental offices
Optical centers
Emergency care services
And many more………..
Trends in Health Care
• Changes in Health Care
▫ Many events lead to
changes in health
care
▫ Changes in health
care are inevitable
and occur rapidly
▫ Health care workers
must be flexible and
keep pace with the
rapid changes
Current Issues
• Improving Access to Health Coverage
▫ Obama care, socialized medicine
• Keeping Healthcare Affordable
▫ How can we keep healthcare affordable for all
people
• Improving Quality and Safety
▫ Proposal requiring increased quality healthcare,
and consistent good care.
• Improving Consumer Health
▫ Keeping people well by increasing positive
lifestyle choices.
Past, Present, and
Future Trends
• Advances in the past that impact
care today
• Current changes and challenges that are
changing the face of health care
• Projected discoveries that will change the future
of health care