• Disease- a harmful change in the state of health of
your body or mind.
• Non-communicable diseases- are diseases that are
NOT transmitted by pathogens
• Diseases can be caused by infections, lack of nutrients,
birth, or lifestyle behaviors
Examples of Non-Communicable Diseases:
 Chronic disease- diseases that are present either
continuously or off and on over a long time
 Degenerative disease- disease that causes breakdown
in body cells, tissues, and organs as they progress
• Can a chronic disease be generative?
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Sign- fever
Symptom- sore throat
Some diseases have several signs and symptoms.
Different diseases may produce the same signs and
symptoms.
• It is possible to have a disease and not have
symptoms
• Scurvy is an ancient disease, reported as far back
as 1550 B.C. It is a non-communicable disease
caused by a Vitamin C deficiency. It was a major
problem on long sea voyages in 1600s and 1700s
when sailors did not eat fruits and vegetables.
One many voyages nearly 2/3 of the crew would
die. James Lind, 1747 discovered that adding
lemon juices to sailors’ rations would help prevent
scurvy. An estimated one million men died
between 1600-1800. Scurvy is rare in developed
countries.
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Many non-communicable diseases cannot be prevented
Some are inherited from parents
Some are present at birth, but are not inherited
Risk factors- characteristic or behavior that raises a person’s chances of
getting a non-communicable disease
Risk Factors with No Control Over:
 Age
 Gender
 Race
Risk Factors with Control Over:
 Amount of food
 Type of food
 Diet
 Smoking (risky behavior)- something that increases chance of getting a
non-communicable disease
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Chemical waste
Certain construction materials
Household chemicals
Secondhand smoke
Improper waste disposal
Radon
Carbon monoxide
 Scientists study to find cures
 Most diseases caused by injury are
preventable
 Diet and exercise can help prevention of
some non-communicable diseases
 Not smoking or drinking can prevent some
non-communicable diseases
 Most non-communicable diseases cannot be
cured
 They can be treated
 Treatment is given to slow progress or stop
the disease
• News reporter and doctor, representing the
risk factors and treatment options for s noncommunicable disease
• Identify and describe a common noncommunicable disease.
 A disease caused by defective genes inherited by
a child from one or both parents
 Caused by changes in the structure of genes
 Genes determine the activities of cells and a
person’s physical characteristics
 Genes are passed from parent to child
 A gene change may cause a hereditary change
 Sickle Cell- caused by change to one gene
 Colon cancer- changes in more than one gene
 Breast cancer- changes in more than one
gene
 Down syndrome- born with part or all of an
extra 21 chromosome
 Doctors can test for a number of hereditary diseases
 This helps to reduce problems that might cause
disease
 Example: newborns tested at birth (Tested for PKU- it
can cause mental retardation. If it is caught at birth,
then newborns are put on a low-protein diet and if
started right away and carried throughout life, it will
be prevented).
 Down syndrome- effects the ability to learn
 Cystic Fibrosis- affects trouble breathing
 People with hereditary diseases may experience
medical problems
 These problems can be reduced if caught early
• Process by which the body converts the energy in food into
energy the body can use.
• Takes places after digestion
• Metabolic Diseases:
 PKU- happens before birth
 Diabetes- happens after birth
Causes:
 Hereditary
 Nutrition and diet
 Some other causes
Nutrition is extremely important- low Vitamin D may cause
rickets (deformed bones), low Vitamin A (blindness) too much
Vitamin A ( hair loss or liver disease)
 A disease that prevents the body from converting
food into energy
 The body has to breakdown food into glucose
 To transport glucose cells, the body needs insulina hormone produced by the pancreas
 Types of Diabetes
o Type 1 Diabetes- condition in which the immune
system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
o Type 2 Diabetes- condition in which the body cannot
effectively use the insulin it produces
 It is more likely to occur in people 40 and over who are obese
in physically inactive
 It is becoming more common in children and teens
 Diagnosing Diabetes
o Frequent urination
o Excessive thirst
o Unexplained weight loss
o Extreme hunger
o Sudden vision changes
o Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
o Feeling tired much of the time
o Very dry skin
o Sores that are slow to heal
o More infections that usual
o It is possible to have no symptoms for years
 There is no known prevention for Type 1 diabetes
 Treatment for Type 1 involves daily injections
 Healthy weight and physical activity reduce the
chance of developing Type 2 diabetes
 Type 2 involves oral medication or dietary changes
 Important to have a normal life- nutritious diet
 Proper balance of carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, and
minerals
 Poor nutrition can lead to malnutrition
 Eating the right amount of food is just as important as eating
the right food ( need to try and get 2,000-2,500 calories a day)
 If you take in more energy than you use, your body stores it as
fat
 Too much fat stored can lead to obesity
 Obesity is linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, some
types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, and a variety of other
diseases
 Minimize computer and TV time
 Don’t eat snacks while watching TV
 Exercise (20-30 minutes in vigorous exercise a day)
 An overreaction of the immune system to something in the
environment that is harmless to most people
 Our body will react to a foreign substance by trying to
weaken or eliminate the substance
 Part of the process is releasing antibodies, which fight
foreign substances in the body
 Some people develop allergies- abnormal immune reaction
to an ordinarily harmless substance
 Allergens cause allergic reactions
 Between 40-50 million people are affected with allergies
 Most common forms- food, plants, pollen, medications,
mold, animals with fur or feather, insect stings, synthetic
materials, poison ivy
 Some may affect a small portion of the body (poison ivy) or
the entire body (food reactions)
 Stage One: Contact is Made
 Stage Two: Attack is Launched
 Stage Three: Symptoms Appear
 The body responds to allergens by releasing
histamines- chemicals in the body that cause
symptoms
 Common symptoms:
o Watery eyes
o Sneezing
o Skin rash
o Hives- small raised bumps on the skin that are very
itchy
 Diagnosing is fairly easy- hives after eating
peanuts, sneezing beside a cat, and many more
 There is no cure for allergies, just ways to cope
with them
 Most basic way is to avoid the allergen
 Take antihistamines- medicines to help control
the effect triggered by histamines- when you
cannot avoid them
 Take allergy shots- these help build immunities to
the body, process usually takes five years
 A chronic serious condition that causes air passages in
the respiratory system to become blocked or
narrowed
 More than 17 million people in the United States has
asthma
 Some outgrow it at puberty, while others develop at
adulthood
 Bronchial tubes are sensitive to certain substances in
asthma patients
 Asthma triggers- smoke, pollution, foods, or
medicines
 Cold air, strenuous activity, strong emotions, or stress
can trigger attacks too
 Asthma triggers vary from person to person
 There is no cure for asthma
 Those with asthma learn how to manage it and live
healthy lives
 Coping with asthma means avoiding triggers when
possible
 There are medicines used to treat it
 Some medicines block swelling the bronchial tubes
and decrease to reduce the amount mucus being
produced
 Bronchodilators- are medicines used to relax the
muscles that have tightened around the airways
 Autoimmune diseases- are diseases where a
person’s immune system attacks certain cells,
tissues, and organs of the body
 Most allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases
cannot be prevented
 Genetics play a role
 There are treatments-specific to each one
• Name one way that allergies, asthma, and
autoimmune diseases are similar and one
way they are different.
 A disease in which cells grow uncontrollably and invade and
destroy healthy tissues
 Cells die and are replaced in the body daily
 Sometimes cells DNA instructions get changed- the size,
shape, and behavior can cause the cell to be abnormal
 As cells grow, they cause tumors- mass of abnormal cells
 Tumors may be malignant or benign
 Malignant- are cancerous and can be life threatening
 They can spread through the body, invade other organs and
tissues (metastasis) , and tend to get worse
 Benign- are not cancerous and not usually life threatening
 They do not spread to other organs or tissues
 Cancer can affect any tissue or organ in the body
 Common cancers in women
o Breast
o Ovarian
o Lung
 Common cancers in men
o Prostate
o Colon
o Lung
 Common cancer in children
o Leukemia
 Skin cancer is one of the most common types
o Basal cell carcinoma( BCC) is the most common type
o Melanoma is the most serious type
• Assessing Your Health: Self-examination:
• Asymmetry- look for moles or markings that are not
symmetrical
• Border irregularity- look for moles or markings with
edges that are crooked or wavy
• Color- look for markings or moles that vary in color from
one area to another
• Diameter- look for moles or markings that are larger than
a pencil eraser
 20-40 years in age have a cancer check-up every 3 years
 40 and over need one yearly
 Heredity
 Lifestyle behaviors
 Exposure to carcinogens- substances that
cause cancer
 Look for warning signs (pg. 486)
 When a warning sign is described to a doctor they will call for a biopsy
 A biopsy is a sample of tissue removed to see whether cancer cells are
present
 If they are detected then the doctor will order tests to determine size
and location
 Types of Treatment
o Surgery-removing cancer cells from the body
o Chemotherapy- chemicals used to destroy cancer cells
o Radiation-High-radioactive substances help destroy or shrink
cancer cells
o Immunotherapy- used in combination with another treatment, it
stimulates the body’s immune system to fight infection
o Hormone therapy –cancer is treated with hormones or medicines
that interfere with production of hormones
 When cancer signs and symptoms disappear the patient is in
remission
 Cancer in remission is not necessarily cured
 The return of cancer after remission is-recurrence
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Eat nutritious foods
Be physically active
Limit sun exposure
Avoid tobacco and alcohol
• Create a concept map using the following
terms: cancer, tumor, malignant, benign,
carcinogens, biopsy, chemotherapy,
radiation.
 Any condition that weakens the heart or blood vessels or
interferes with the functions they perform
 More adults in the U.S. die from heart disease than anything
else
 Depends on age, lifestyle behaviors, and hereditary
 Arteriosclerosis- is when arteries become hardened and
become more rigid
 It reduces the amount of blood flow through arteries
 Atherosclerosis - is a form of arteriosclerosis, where fatty
substances in the blood build up on walls of the arteries
 Buildup in coronary arteries can lead to heart attacks
 Build up in blood vessels can lead to stroke
 Blood pressure is the force of blood on the inside walls of
arteries
 High blood pressure is when your blood pressure is
consistently higher than normal for your age
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The top number is the pressure when the heart beats
The bottom number is the pressure when the heart rests
Blood pressure 140/90 is normal
Heart attack- is a condition where blood flow to a part of the heart is
greatly reduced or blocked ( if it is more than a few minutes then cells
can be damaged and die)
 Signs of heart attack
o Pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the chest
o Pain in the shoulders, neck, or arms
o Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea,
or shortness of breath
 Stroke- conditions where a blood vessel bringing oxygen to the brain
bursts or is blocked
 Signs of stroke
o Sudden numbness or weakness ( on one side of body)
o Sudden confusion or difficulty with speech or understanding
o Sudden difficulty seeing
o Sudden dizziness, or loss of balance and coordination
 Medication
 Angioplasty-putting a stint when plaque builds up
in artery walls
 Bypass surgery- taking a healthy vein from leg or
chest to put a detour around a blocked vein
 Heart valve surgery- replacing a faulty valve with
an artificial one
 Pacemaker- a small device that sends steady
electrical impulses to the heart to make it beat
regularly
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Manage stress
Manage weight
Manage physical activity
Manage poor eating habits
Manage tobacco and alcohol use
***Though it is not detected until adulthood,
it can develop in childhood. Start managing
your health now
• Three ways to prevent heart disease are….
 People with arthritis have more than 100
conditions marked by pain and swelling in
body joints
 It can affect people of any age
 Two most common types: rheumatoid
arthritis and osteoarthritis
 A chronic disease caused by pain, inflammation, swelling,
and stiffness of joints
 Most serious of the most common forms
 Joints become deformed and often no longer function
normally
 Joints affected: hands, feet, elbows, shoulders, neck, knees,
hips, and ankles
 It is usually symmetrical in the body: both hands will hurt
 The cause is unknown
 Treatment
o No known treatment
o Medicines to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and keep joints
functioning as normal as possible
o Exercise, rest, joint protection, and physical therapy are
recommended
 Characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in
joints
 Areas affected: hands, knees, and hips
 Most affected are over the age of 45
 Treatment
o Medication
o Hot or cold therapy
o Joint protection
o Weight reduction on joint
• Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis.
 Your environment is all of the living and non-living
things around you
 Some parts can be harmful
 Chemicals are necessary and useful, but some are
poison- can cause illness or death if swallowed or
inhaled
 Some are clearly marked and some aren’t
 Poisons can be solids, liquids, and gases
 Some poisons are toxins- produced by a living
organism
 Example-snake
 Air pollution-triggers asthma attacks or allergies
 Cigarette Smoking air- birth defects or emphysema
 Vinyl chloride- makes plastic products- liver
cancer/brain tumors
 Lead in materials- effect kidneys, liver, organs,
convulsions, death
 Learning possible dangers is the best way to avoid
them
 Accidents are unexpected events that cause
damage , injury, or death
 Most are minor, but some can cause traumatic
injuries
 Traumatic injuries- are caused by physical force
 Head injuries (example)
 Injuries can cause disease
 Brain injury can cause- loss of memory,
coordination, function of body parts, seizures and
those similar to other brain diseases
 Do not drink alcoholic beverages
 Do not play with guns
 Always wear a helmet and other safety gear on
bikes and skateboards
 Always wear appropriate safety gear when playing
a sport
 Learn CPR
 Wear a seatbelt every time you are in the car