Electronic Crime in Modern Business Cultures
Hiram College Online Course
By Roger Cram
PowerPoint Presentation
Atoms, Energy, and Electricity – PART II
As you learned in Part I of Atoms, Energy,
and Electricity, an atom is comprised of
neutrons (zero charge) and Protons (plus
charge) both residing in the nucleus and
electrons (negative charge) in orbital shells
around the nucleus.
The nucleus is composed of
positively charged protons and
neutrally charged neutrons.
The electrons are negatively
charged particles revolving
around the nucleus much like the
planets revolve around our sun.
For every negative electron circling
around the nucleus, there is also one
positive proton and one neutral
neutron in the nucleus.
If the atom has two circling
electrons, then the nucleus has two
protons and two neutrons.
These atoms are called elements. Each atom
with an additional proton is another element.
There are 118 elements, the first 92 occur
naturally in nature while 93-118 are
synthesized. It’s the number of protons that
determine the element.
Helium is the second element with two
electrons, two protons, and two neutrons.
Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons, and eight
neutrons.
Gold has 79 of them, etc.
If the atom has six negative
electrons and six positive
protons, the same number of
positive and negative charges
cancel each other out. The atom
as a whole is said to have a
charge of zero.
The atom below has three positively
charged protons and only two
negatively charged electrons. The atom
as a whole has a charge of -2 and +3 =
+1. Remember, opposite charges attract
and like charges repel. This atom is
now positively charged.
Copper is the 29th element. It has 29 protons and 29 electrons. The
electrons in the outer orbits are loosely bound to the atom. This
means copper’s outer electrons could easily travel from atom to
atom along the wire if a pressure was applied to cause them to do
so. Materials with lose electrons are called conductors like copper
and aluminum. Materials without lose electrons in their outer shell
are called insulators like rubber. That’s why copper wire is covered
in rubber. You can touch the rubber without getting an electric
shock because the rubber does not conduct electrons.
Copper wire
Rubber insulation
Graphite center rod
A battery is a device filled
with a chemical paste that
moves many of the
electrons from a graphite
rod to the outer battery
casing made of zinc.
Chemical paste
Outer battery zinc case
Positively charged rod because many of the negative electrons left leaving the positive protons.
Chemical paste moving Electrons from the graphite rod to the zinc case
Many of the electrons from the
graphite center post are now resting
on the inside of the zinc case. There is
now a great negative charge on this
case because electrons are negatively
charged. When many of the electrons
left the graphite rod, positive protons
remained in the graphite atoms
making the rod positively charged.
Negatively charged case because of the buildup of electrons
If a wire connected the negatively charged case of the battery to the positively
charged center rod (wire shown in red), the lose electrons on the case would flow through
the copper wire jumping orbit to orbit until reaching the positive center post. Why? Opposite
charges attract (negative electrons attracted to positively charged rod.) This flow of electrons
is called electricity.
REPEAT! - If a wire connected the negatively
charged case of the battery to the positively
charged center rod, the lose electrons on the
case would flow through the copper wire
jumping the copper atoms orbit to orbit until
reaching the battery's positive center post.
Why? Opposite charges attract (negative
electrons attracted to positively charged rod.)
This flow of electrons is called electricity.
Insert a light bulb in this circuit and the
flowing electrons heat the bulb’s tiny wire until
it glows. This tiny wire is called a filament and
has a high resistance. When the electrons
return to the graphite positively charged rod
the battery’s chemical paste again separates
them to the zinc outer casing and this electron
flow continues to move along the copper wire.
When the chemical paste loses its ability to
move the electrons from the graphite post to
the zinc outer casing, the battery is said to be
dead, and the flow of electrons stops.
In review: electrical charge (positive/negative) and
magnetism (north/south) are different aspects of
the same force -- electromagnetism. Oppositely
charged objects, such as a proton and an electron,
attract one another, while particles with the same
charge (electron and electron) repel each other.
Copper wire
Positively charged end
of wire
Negatively Charged end of wire
Where does the electron get its negative charge?
Remember from Part I, the carrier particle
of the electromagnetic force is the
photon. Depending on the photon’s
energy, they are called gamma rays, light
rays, television, microwaves, radio waves,
radar, etc.
The electromagnetic interaction is carried by
photons. The electromagnetic interaction digests
our food, grows our corn, moves our muscles,
allows computers to work and hackers to steal.
Photons can be absorbed or radiated by any
charged particle. Radiated photons are magnetic
fields, light, microwaves, cell phone messages,
radar, and WiFi signals.
Photons have zero mass. They always travel at the
speed of light = 186,000 miles per second.
The visible light we see are photons.
They travel in a wave. They are pure
energy. Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, it just changes form.
The photons we can’t see are still light energy which is electrometric energy. The
photons we can see and cannot see are determined by the frequency of the photon
wave and how the human eye is only designed to see a limited wavelength.
Below is pictured a sign wave. Think of it as a graph. The graph is
separated by a horizontal straight line. The height of each wave is called
the amplitude as indicated. The length of a complete wave is called a
wavelength as shown below.
Car Traveling East Above the Zero Line
POINT B
POINT A
ZERO MPH
STOPPED
POINT C
POINT D
125 miles per hour
75 miles per hour
25 miles per hour
10 miles per hour
ZERO miles per hour
10 miles per hour
25 miles per hour
75 miles per hour
125 miles per hour
Car Traveling West Above the Zero Line
Think of the sign wave as a graph. In this case, a graph depicting the speed of a car
racing back and forth on a road. The car starts at point A, going zero mph, and as the car
gradually accelerates traveling east it eventually reaches a speed on 125 mph – POINT B.
The car must turn around and race in the other direction, so it gradually slows down to
a stop at POINT C. It cannot turn around and go the other way until it stops. After turning
around it accelerates traveling west until reaching 125 mph at POINT D. The car must slow
down and stop again in order to go the other direction.
Car Traveling East Above the Zero Line
POINT B
POINT A
ZERO MPH
STOPPED
POINT C
POINT D
125 miles per hour
75 miles per hour
25 miles per hour
10 miles per hour
ZERO miles per hour
10 miles per hour
25 miles per hour
75 miles per hour
125 miles per hour
Car Traveling West Above the Zero Line
When the car races east on the track, accelerates to 125 mph, then slows down, stops,
turns around, accelerates west to 125 mph and then slows down and stops, it has
completed one cycle. The amplitude is 125 mph. The frequency is one if it can complete
going both directions in one second-almost impossible for a car, but easy as pie for a
photon. The frequency is one cycle per second.
ONE SECOND
The above graph depicts two cycles per second. Several years ago the term “cycle” was
changed to the name Hertz to honor a scientist with the same name. So, to stay up on
modern times, the above graph indicates 2 Hertz expressed 2 HZ.
Lets replace the racing car now with electrons traveling in a wire. This is electricity,
the flow of electrons. If the electrons travel along a wire and then stop and turn
the other way, they are doing what the racing car did: going back and forth. They are
alternating their course back and forth. This alternating current is called AC. If the
electrons only go in one direction in a wire without going back the other way it Is called
direct current or DC. All batteries offer only DC current.
Lambda
Lambda
The top of the first wave is called the crest; the bottom of the first wave is called
the trough; the amplitude or height of the wave is shown by letter a. From one
crest to the next is the wavelength indicated by the lower case Greek letter Lambda.
Source - bbc.co.uk
The upper left shows a graph of electricity alternating in a wire 110 times per second. The
frequency is 110 HZ . The upper left’s frequency is 220 cycles per second or 220 HZ. The
lower right graph depicts a frequency of 880 HZ. Isn’t it amazing that electrons can go back
and forth so fast! You ain’t seen nuttn’ yet!
If your favorite radio station is found on the dial at 107.3, then the frequency of the radio
station’s signal is 107.3 million cycles per second or 107.3 megahurtz.
Cycles per Second
Number
Term
Application
10
Tens
Decahertz
100
Hundreds
Hectohertz
Human Hearing = 20 HZ - 20,000 HZ
1000
Thousand
Kilohertz
AM Radio
1,000,000
Million
Megahertz
FM Radio, UHF, VHF, Microwaves,
Television, Cell Phones
1,000,000,000
Billion
Gigahertz
Radar
1,000,000,000,000
Trillion
Terahertz
Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet
Petahertz
X-Rays
1,000,000,000,000, 000
Visible Light detected
by humans, a tiny area of
the electromagnetic
spectrum.
All the other frequencies of
electromagnetic waves
humans cannot see.
Source: kids.britanica.com
Source: fishbonecompanies.com
What Do I Need To Know From This Lesson – Atoms, Energy, and Electrons Part II?
• Atoms have a nucleus with positively charged protons, neutrally charged neutrons, and
orbiting negatively charged electrons.
•We have learned that atoms with the same number of electrons and protons have a zero or
neutral charge.
• Atoms with two more protons than electrons have a charge of +2; atoms with three more
protons than electrons have a charge of +3; atoms with one more electron than proton have
a charge of -1.
• Like charges repel each other (- & -) or (+ & +). Opposite charges attract each other (+ & - )
• Electricity is the flow of electrons through a wire.
• A battery has a chemical paste that removes electrons from a center post sending them to
the battery’s zinc outer casing. The casing becomes negatively charged because of all the
extra electrons; the post is then positively charged because the atoms in the post have far
more protons than electrons. Many of the posts electrons were transferred to the zinc case.
• The kind of element is determined by the number of protons, not the number of electrons
(hydrogen, helium, aluminum, copper, gold, oxygen, etc.)
• The item that gives an electron a negative charge is the photon. It is pure magnetic energy.
It is light. Photons are radio, television, cell phone, microwave, gamma rays, x-rays, etc.)
• The photon travels at different frequencies and at the speed of light.
• The photon frequency is how many times the photon wave alternates per second. One
hundred million oscillations per second = 100 megacycles = 100 megahertz.
• The wave length is how far the photon travels at the speed of light during one cycle. It is
the distance between two crests or two troughs of one cycle.
At this point you have learned enough
about electricity to start studying how
criminals intercept our electronic
signals. This is fascinating! We will
start this next week in Part III.
Source: thehackernews.com
Source: onlinetaxprofessionals.blogspot.com
Electronic Crime in Modern Business Cultures
Hiram College Online Course
By Roger Cram
PowerPoint Presentation
The End
Atoms, Energy, and Electricity – PART II
Next week Atoms, Energy, and Electricity Part III