CORC 1332: Review for Exam 1
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Exam 1-- 3/14/12 6:05-7:45 rm 3127N
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The PowerPoint is to help you focus on what will be on the exam.
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The exam will consist of approx. 50 questions (multiple choice and T/F)
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You are responsible to bring with you: pencil, calculator, string and ruler
*Cell phones cannot be used during exam including as a calculator *
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Review for Exam 1
2/29/12 In-Class review for Exam 1
3127N from 6:05-7:45pm
Pls. bring in questions on topics/concepts you are having trouble with.
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Next Assignment: Plate Tectonics Quiz DUE 3/14/12 to Michelle
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK
A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a
characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic
structure and specific physical properties.
A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and other
debris such bones or shells) and need not have a specific chemical
composition.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage and Fracture are mineral properties that describe the way a mineral
breaks when stressed.
Cleavage describes the way a mineral breaks along its plane of weakness.
Fracture: A mineral property where the atomic bonding between atoms in the
crystal structure uniform, with bonds of equal strength throughout. When
these minerals are stressed they shatter making no two pieces truly the
same.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/cleave_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
Understand what defines a substance as a crystal.
Difference between crystal and crystalline texture and
examples of each.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/crystals_cause.html
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/crystals_def.html
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistant to abrasion. This property is
easily determined and is used widely for field identification of minerals.
►Know the difference between MOH’S hardness scale and the “simple” STEEL
NAIL-FINGERNAIL scale.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/hardness_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight
of an equal volume of water.
Density = Weight/Volume
1) Begin by recording
the weight of the
specimen, in this
case 155.8 grams.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity
2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc (920-900)
3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc.
So, the density of the mineral is 7.79g/cc.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/density_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW WHAT IS STREAK.
The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in finely powdered form. The
streak maybe completely different from the color of the hand specimen. One
of the simplest ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a
specimen across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/streak_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄
HARDNESS
DENSITY
STREAK
COLOR
You’ll be asked to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which will
be given to you in the test.
Link to mineral ID charts and self-checking table:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/resourceMenu_min.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps
You will be responsible to answer questions similar to those on
your map assignment.
This includes:
•Finding the gradient
•Labeling contours
•Determining stream direction
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Determine
Direction of Stream Flow
In what general direction is the stream flowing?
Ans: From West to East
(The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow)
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that
1.5 cm = 100 miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
2) We measure the distance between points Q and T which is 8.5 cm = x miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Between 2 Points
Calculations
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Between 2 points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Ans: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Labeling Contours
Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’?
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Labeling Contours
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
500
500
500
Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft
Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft
f= 600 ft
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
What is the average gradient of the
stream between points R and T?
Gradient refers to the steepness between two
points. To calculate the gradient we take the
difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by
the horizontal distance (HD).
First will determine the horizontal distance of
the stream.
1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a
string along the course of the river.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches
which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5.25 in.
.5938
5.25
5.25
.5938
* 5.25
.5938
3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100miles = .5938 in
*.5938 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shotyour measurements will vary depending on screen resolution.
4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left).
The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which
refers to the horizontal distance.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T.
Begin by labeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine
the contour interval of R and T.
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft)
500 ft - 400 ft = 100ft
Difference in elevation is = 100ft
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 ft
Elevation of point Q = 583 ft
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
f= 600 ft
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
500
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED)
divided by the horizontal distance (HD):
To Calculate Gradient:
(Using the numbers from the previous slides)
Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet
Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles
Gradient= ED =
HD
100ft
= 0.11 feet/mile
884miles
*Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Azimuth Direction
500
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
What is the azimuth direction from the start point towards the end point?
Using the protractor we can determine the azimuth direction to be
approximately 9o (“9 degrees”).
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/compa.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between points B and F in miles?
First, we determine the distance
between points B and F on the map in
inches with the ruler.
We measure 2 4/16 OR 2.25 inches
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is distance between points B and F in miles:
Next we determine the scale of the map, which we are told 1:60,000
(1 inch = 60,000 inches).
Now we can convert the map
measurement (2.25 inches) using the
scale 1:60,000.
1 in = 60,000 in
2.25 in X
X = 135,000 inches
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Lastly, we convert 135,000 inches to feet
then to miles.
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
The distance between points B and F in miles is: 2.1 miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers?
The distance on the map from
point A to point C is:
1 9/16 in OR 1.5625 in
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers?
Next, Determine how many map units make up 1.5625 inches.
Solve for X by cross multiplying:
1.5625 in = X
1in
60,000 in
X = 93,780 inches
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Now we convert 93,780 inches into FEET,
then into MILES and finally Miles into
KILOMETERS.
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
one mile = 1.6 km
The distance between points A and C in kilometers is 2.4km
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Topographic Features
Closed Depression
Gentle Slope-widely space
contours
Describing Topography:
Be able to identify topographic
features on a geologic map.
Steep Slope:
narrow
spaced
contours
Hill
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com
/maps/top_describe_menu.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Topography
Match the following contours
with the appropriate profiles:
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
Maps: Topography
Match the following contours
with the appropriate profiles:
1 B
2 E
3 D
4 C
5 F
6 A
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
What is an outcrop?
What is bedrock?
What are the differences between the two?
►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath
a surface layer of soil or other material.
►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/nyc_mins2/bedrock_rollover.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area
Be able to identify all areas
on the map.
Could you:
--Identify each borough, body of
water and New Jersey?
--Name the borough located
furthest North, South, East West?
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/geog_nyc_menu2.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Longitude and Latitude
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/latlong_menu.html
Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator.
For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow)
Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian.
For Example the Longitude of J is 71o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow)
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Longitude and Latitude
Determining the latitude and longitude of a point
What is the latitude and
longitude at point J?
Answer:
Latitude (Horizontal) 5o
59’ 45” North
Longitude (Vertical) 71o
00’ 00” West
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/lat_long.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
Maps: Longitude and Latitude
What is the latitude and
longitude at point H?
For the latitude: (pink arrows)
We see that point H is between 5o
59’ 45” and 6o 00’ 00” so we have 15”
in between. We take half of 15” which
is about 8” and add those 8” to 45” to
get a latitude of 5o 59’ 53”.
For the longitude: (blue arrows)
We see that point H lies between
71o 00’ 00” and 71o 00’ 45” so we have
45” in between. Take half of 45” which
is about 23” so we add those seconds
to 00” to get a longitude 71o 00’ 23”.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT