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我的食物 我的身體
蕭寧馨
應用營養研究室
台灣大學生化科技系
2010
Outlines
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You are what you eat
Milestones in nutritional sciences
World food and nutrition problems
Prevention strategy
Hungary Planet Part I to III:
What the World Eat?
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519_1373675,00.html
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.html
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1667690_1456194,00.html
http://lifetype.hhjhs.tp.edu.tw/post/23/1103
• Time的網頁上展現25個家庭一週的飲食內容與
費用
• 哪個家庭的飲食與自家的飲食比較相似?
• 您能接受和不能接受的飲食是哪一家?
• 您的飲食花費比較接近哪一個國家?
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1985
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html#State
問題一:哪些是必需營養素
V
V
V
•紅麴
•大豆異黃酮
•葉酸
•葉綠素
•菸鹼素
•茄紅素
•Β-胡蘿蔔素
•花青素
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•
•
•
•
•
•
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金
銀
銅
鐵
鉀
鎂
硫
磷
X
X
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營養定理
• 營養 Nutrition : 生物獲得滋養的生命程序, 利
用外界的食物來維持生長和修補組織
• 營養素 Nutrients : 食物供應的維持生命所需
的成份
– 必需營養素 Essential nutrients:
• 缺乏導致缺乏症
– 非必需營養素 Non-essential nutrients
• 缺乏不會導致缺乏症
• 營養素與健康的關係
– 因果關係:具有必需性
– 關聯性/機率性:風險、危險因子
領域特色與重點
• 食品科學
– 農作物從收穫到入口前的各項知識
和技術
• 營養科學
– 食物入口後,人體利用食物的各項
生理/生化程序的知識和研究技術
• 醫學
– 認識與治療人體疾病的知識與技術
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東西共通的保健觀
• 醫食同源
• Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine“
– 400 B.C.
– said to his students, "Let thy food be thy medicine and
thy medicine be thy food".
– He also said “A wise man should consider that health
is the greatest of human blessings.”
實驗營養與營養科學
• 15-18世紀
壞血病盛行於船員與海軍
• 第一個臨床人體飲食實驗:治療壞血病的食物
Lind (英 1747-53)
維生素缺乏症狀
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/2345.htm
壞血病症狀
葉酸缺乏與脊裂
維生素K缺乏與內出血
Nutritional concepts arise from
chemistry and physiology: 1750-1840
• 1770 -- Antoine Lavoisier,
the “Father of Nutrition
and Chemistry”
– 體溫/生命的化學機制
– He discovered the actual
process by which food is
metabolized.
– He also demonstrated where
animal heat comes from.
– In his equation, he describes the
combination of food and oxygen
in the body, and the resulting
giving off of heat and water.
– He then studied energy
expenditure using calorimetry .
The first
calorimeter
built by
Lavoisier
(1734-1794)
Indirect calorimetry
Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844-1907)
Nutrition and Exercise
Cycle ergometer used by Atwater and
his colleague Benedict in their studies
on exercise metabolism. Before Atwater
died in 1907, he had completed more
than 500 energy-balance experiments
實驗動物應用於食物營養研究
• Animal study is relevant to human
nutrition
• 1897 – Christiaan Eijkman, a
Dutchman working in Java, and
thiamin (B1)
• chickens
– fed white rice diet, developed the
symptoms of Beriberi
– fed the unprocessed brown rice (with
the outer bran intact), no disease.
• Eijkman then fed brown rice to his
patients and they were cured.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine 1929
維他命說
• 1912 – Dr. Casmir Funk (German) was
the first to coin the term “vitamins” as
vital factors in the diet.
The Nobel Prize and
the Discovery of Vitamins
• 圖像: the Genius of Medicine
holding an open book in her lap,
collecting the water pouring out
from a rock in order to quench a
sick girl's thirst.
• 文字 Inventas vitam juvat
excoluisse per artes
(Word for word: inventions
enhance life which is beautified
through art.)
• The words are taken from
Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song,
verse
663;
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/index.html
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Discovery of Vitamins http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/table.html
Christiaan Eijkman (1929)
荷
B1
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1929)
英
Growth
Stimulating Vitamins
George Hoyt Whipple (1934)
美
George Richards Minot (1934)
美
William Parry (1934)
美
Treatment of
pernicious anemia,
B12 related
Henrik Carl Peter Dam (1943)
丹麥
K
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1928)
德
D
Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Nagyrapolt
(1937)
匈
C
Richard Kuhn (1938)
德
B2 and B6
Edward Adelbert Doisy (1943)
美
K
Isolation of Vitamins
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Synthesis of Vitamins
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/table.html
Walter Norman Haworth (1937)
英
C
Paul Karrer (1937)
瑞士
E
Robert Burns Woodward (1965)
美
B12
Paul Karrer (1937)
瑞士
A and B
Richard Kuhn (1938)
德
B2
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1957)
英
B12
Structure of Vitamins
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964) 英/女
B12
Nutrition is an applied science
各國飲食指南: 食物種類與份量
http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/fs/food/images/mypyramid.jpg
英國
www.metrokc.gov/health/nutrition/foodguide.htm
愛爾蘭
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日本
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加拿大
民眾使用的
飲食指南與指標
The expanded use of genomic technologies offers unprecedented opportunities for
the expanded use of foods & components to achieve genetic potential, increase
productivity and reduce the risk of various disease.
Uniqueness
營養的影響從幾歲開始?
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孕期/受精卵胚胎
孕期/胎兒 20週/5-6個月
1 -3 歲
青春期 10-18歲
中年 40 – 50歲
老年 65歲以上
兩極化的飲食危機
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2010 FAO 年報
世界上營養不足的人口
超過十億
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2010 FAO 年報
貧困之下女嬰死亡率升高
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各地區的營養不足盛行率
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增進健康的有效策略
WHO/WHA 57 (2004)
Resolution and strategy
英國健康白皮書2004
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日本食育基本法 (2005)
《食育基本法》制訂於2005年6月(平成十七年法律第六十
三号),其中將食育定義為: 「學習食物相關的知識,並
養成正確選擇食物的能力」 http://www.e-shokuiku.com/index.html
結 論
• 1. 飲食的質與量影響個人與人類族群
的健康和生存。
• 2. 個人學習營養的目的在於
– 認識食物相關的知識,
– 並養成正確選擇食物的能力。
• 3. 關心並認識國家和國際的糧食與健
康趨勢和政策,合力營造健康飲食環
境。
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