我的食物 我的身體 蕭寧馨 應用營養研究室 台灣大學生化科技系 2010 Outlines • • • • You are what you eat Milestones in nutritional sciences World food and nutrition problems Prevention strategy Hungary Planet Part I to III: What the World Eat? http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519_1373675,00.html http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.html http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1667690_1456194,00.html http://lifetype.hhjhs.tp.edu.tw/post/23/1103 • Time的網頁上展現25個家庭一週的飲食內容與 費用 • 哪個家庭的飲食與自家的飲食比較相似? • 您能接受和不能接受的飲食是哪一家? • 您的飲食花費比較接近哪一個國家? Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1985 http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html#State 問題一:哪些是必需營養素 V V V •紅麴 •大豆異黃酮 •葉酸 •葉綠素 •菸鹼素 •茄紅素 •Β-胡蘿蔔素 •花青素 • • • • • • • • 金 銀 銅 鐵 鉀 鎂 硫 磷 X X 5 營養定理 • 營養 Nutrition : 生物獲得滋養的生命程序, 利 用外界的食物來維持生長和修補組織 • 營養素 Nutrients : 食物供應的維持生命所需 的成份 – 必需營養素 Essential nutrients: • 缺乏導致缺乏症 – 非必需營養素 Non-essential nutrients • 缺乏不會導致缺乏症 • 營養素與健康的關係 – 因果關係:具有必需性 – 關聯性/機率性:風險、危險因子 領域特色與重點 • 食品科學 – 農作物從收穫到入口前的各項知識 和技術 • 營養科學 – 食物入口後,人體利用食物的各項 生理/生化程序的知識和研究技術 • 醫學 – 認識與治療人體疾病的知識與技術 7 東西共通的保健觀 • 醫食同源 • Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine“ – 400 B.C. – said to his students, "Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food". – He also said “A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings.” 實驗營養與營養科學 • 15-18世紀 壞血病盛行於船員與海軍 • 第一個臨床人體飲食實驗:治療壞血病的食物 Lind (英 1747-53) 維生素缺乏症狀 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/2345.htm 壞血病症狀 葉酸缺乏與脊裂 維生素K缺乏與內出血 Nutritional concepts arise from chemistry and physiology: 1750-1840 • 1770 -- Antoine Lavoisier, the “Father of Nutrition and Chemistry” – 體溫/生命的化學機制 – He discovered the actual process by which food is metabolized. – He also demonstrated where animal heat comes from. – In his equation, he describes the combination of food and oxygen in the body, and the resulting giving off of heat and water. – He then studied energy expenditure using calorimetry . The first calorimeter built by Lavoisier (1734-1794) Indirect calorimetry Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844-1907) Nutrition and Exercise Cycle ergometer used by Atwater and his colleague Benedict in their studies on exercise metabolism. Before Atwater died in 1907, he had completed more than 500 energy-balance experiments 實驗動物應用於食物營養研究 • Animal study is relevant to human nutrition • 1897 – Christiaan Eijkman, a Dutchman working in Java, and thiamin (B1) • chickens – fed white rice diet, developed the symptoms of Beriberi – fed the unprocessed brown rice (with the outer bran intact), no disease. • Eijkman then fed brown rice to his patients and they were cured. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929 維他命說 • 1912 – Dr. Casmir Funk (German) was the first to coin the term “vitamins” as vital factors in the diet. The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins • 圖像: the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst. • 文字 Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes (Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.) • The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663; http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/index.html Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Discovery of Vitamins http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/table.html Christiaan Eijkman (1929) 荷 B1 Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1929) 英 Growth Stimulating Vitamins George Hoyt Whipple (1934) 美 George Richards Minot (1934) 美 William Parry (1934) 美 Treatment of pernicious anemia, B12 related Henrik Carl Peter Dam (1943) 丹麥 K Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1928) 德 D Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Nagyrapolt (1937) 匈 C Richard Kuhn (1938) 德 B2 and B6 Edward Adelbert Doisy (1943) 美 K Isolation of Vitamins Nobel Prize in Chemistry Synthesis of Vitamins http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/table.html Walter Norman Haworth (1937) 英 C Paul Karrer (1937) 瑞士 E Robert Burns Woodward (1965) 美 B12 Paul Karrer (1937) 瑞士 A and B Richard Kuhn (1938) 德 B2 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1957) 英 B12 Structure of Vitamins Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964) 英/女 B12 Nutrition is an applied science 各國飲食指南: 食物種類與份量 http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/fs/food/images/mypyramid.jpg 英國 www.metrokc.gov/health/nutrition/foodguide.htm 愛爾蘭 20 日本 21 加拿大 民眾使用的 飲食指南與指標 The expanded use of genomic technologies offers unprecedented opportunities for the expanded use of foods & components to achieve genetic potential, increase productivity and reduce the risk of various disease. Uniqueness 營養的影響從幾歲開始? • • • • • • 孕期/受精卵胚胎 孕期/胎兒 20週/5-6個月 1 -3 歲 青春期 10-18歲 中年 40 – 50歲 老年 65歲以上 兩極化的飲食危機 27 2010 FAO 年報 世界上營養不足的人口 超過十億 28 2010 FAO 年報 貧困之下女嬰死亡率升高 29 各地區的營養不足盛行率 30 增進健康的有效策略 WHO/WHA 57 (2004) Resolution and strategy 英國健康白皮書2004 32 日本食育基本法 (2005) 《食育基本法》制訂於2005年6月(平成十七年法律第六十 三号),其中將食育定義為: 「學習食物相關的知識,並 養成正確選擇食物的能力」 http://www.e-shokuiku.com/index.html 結 論 • 1. 飲食的質與量影響個人與人類族群 的健康和生存。 • 2. 個人學習營養的目的在於 – 認識食物相關的知識, – 並養成正確選擇食物的能力。 • 3. 關心並認識國家和國際的糧食與健 康趨勢和政策,合力營造健康飲食環 境。