Name
Enrollment no
Roll no
Khunt Kanthan L.
130840106018
11
Bavasiya Milan J.
130840106003
16
Babariya Chirag H.
130840106002
19
Vala Jitu M.
130840106063
24
Dabhi Nitin M.
130840106011
12
Patel Hetul P.
130840106034
25
Shera Parshant
130840106059
38
Guided by
- Mr. Shivang Dabhi
-Miss Ankita Upadhyay
 Surveying is the art and sciences of determining of the relative
position of different points or stations on the surface of the
surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical
distances, angle, and taking in details of this points and by
preparing map or plan for the suitable scale.
 Leveling is the branch of surveying which deals with the
measurement of the relative highest of different points on or
below the surface of the earth.
 Surveying include measurements of distance and angles in
horizontal and vertical plane and leveling is the measurements
of highest in vertical plane.
Chain, tape, compass, level and theodolite are instruments
use for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative position of
different points and station on the surface of the earth.
 It also includes measurement of area and volumes.
Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to some
scale. It is carried out to fix alignment of road, railway and
canal.
It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of
structure.
Electronics total station and Global Positioning System
(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for the
surveying work.
 Remote sensing and Geographical Information System
(GIS) are adopted for Surveying and planning of many civil
engineering projects.
 The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to
show relative position of points or the object on the
surface of the earth.
 The map or plan is draw to some suitable scale. It
shows the boundaries of districts, state and countries
too.
 It is also include details of different engineering
features such as building, roads, railways, dams, canals
etc.
Surveying may be use for the following properties
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To prepare cadastral map
To prepare an engineering map
To prepare the contour map
To prepare military map
To prepare geological map, archeological map
etc.
 We know that the shape of surface of earth is
spherical.
 Thus, the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is
primarily divided into two types considering the
curvature of earth’s surface.
i. Plans Surveying
ii. Geodetic surveying
Different between plan surveying and geodetic surveying
NO. Plan surveying
Geodetic surveying
1.
The earth surface is considered as a
curved surface
The curvature of earth surface is
taken in account.
Line joining any two points is
considered to be curve.
The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as a spherical
triangle.
The angle of triangle is considered as
spherical angle.
Carried out for a large area >250km2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The earth surface is considered as a
plane surface.
The curvature of earth surface is
ignored.
Line joining any two points is
considered to be straight.
The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as a plane
triangle.
The angle of triangle is considered
as plane angle.
Carried out for a small area
Two basic principles of surveying
i.
Always work from the whole to the part
ii. To locate a new station by at least two measurement
form fixed reference points
Classification of
Surveying
Based on
Instrument
Based on
Methods
Based on
Purposes
Based on
nature of
field
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Chain Survey
Compass Survey
Chain and Compass Surveying
Plane Table Survey
Theodolite Survey
Tachometry Survey
Leveling Survey
Photogrammetric Survey
EDM Survey
The chain
surveying
This is the
simplest type of
surveying in
which only
linear
measurement
are made with a
chain or a tape.
Angular
measurement
are not taken.
The
compass
survey
It has very
important and
critical
application in
the military.
Aerial surveys
are conducted
for this purpose.
It is conducted
to locate
strategic
positions for the
purpose of army
operations.
compass
chain
It is a graphical method of surveying in which
field works and plotting both are done
simultaneously
The theodolite
survey
In theodolite survey,
the horizontal angles
are measured with a
theodolite more
precisely than
compass and the
linear measurements
are made with a
chain or a tape.
In
theodolite
survey, the
horizontal
angles are
measured
with
theodolite
more
precisely
A special type of theodolite known as
tachometer is used to determine Horizontal
and vertical distance indirectly.
This type of survey is
used to determine
the vertical distances
and relative Heights
of points with the
help of an instrument
known as level.
Photogrammetric is the sciences of taking measurement
with the help of the photographs taken by aerial camera from
the air craft.
In this type of survey,
all measurements are
made with the help
of EDM instrument.
Triangulation
b. Traversing
a.
a. Geological Survey
b. Mine Survey
c. Archaeological Survey
d. Military Survey
1. Land survey
2. Hydrographic survey
3. Astronomic survey
4. Aerial survey
One of the basic objectives of surveying is to prepare plans
and maps.
 A plan is the graphical representation, to some scale, of the
features on, near or below the surface of the earth as
projected on a horizontal plane.
 The horizontal plane is represented by the plan of the
drawing sheet on which the plan is drawn to some scale.
 However, the surface of the earth is curved; it can not be
truly represented on a plan without distortion. In plane
surveying, the areas involved are small, the earth’s surface
may be considered as a plane and hence a plan is
constructed by orthographic projections.
If the scale of the graphical projection on a horizontal
plane is small, the plane is called a map. Thus graphical
representation is called a plan if the scale is large while it is
called a map if the scale is small.
It is the basic requirement for the preparation of plans or
maps.
Scale is used to represent large distance on paper. The ratio
by which the actual length of the object is reduced or
increased in the drawing is known as ‘scale’.
For an example, if 1 cm on a map represents a distance of 10
meters on the ground, the scale of the map is said to be 1
cm = 10 m.

The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the
corresponding actual length of the object on the ground is
known as the representative fraction. i.e.
distance of object on drawing
corresponding actual distance of object on
ground
RF=
 Plain scale
 Diagonal scale
 Chord scale
 Vernier scale