Chymotrypsin Mechanism Animation

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INTRO

CHYMOTRYPSIN

MISSION:

To cleave peptide amide bonds of protein in small intestine

STRATEGY:

• Cleave carboxyl terminus of large nonpolar or aromatic side chains i.e. Tyr, Trp, Phe, and Met

• Initial general acid-base catalysis

• Covalent nucleophilic catalysis

PROFILE: • Protease

• Secreted by pancreas

RELATIVES:

Trypsin, elastase

 Aromatic

 Large nonpolar

 Positive charge  Small nonpolar

SUSPECTS: Asp 102, His 57, Ser 195; aka the “catalytic triad”

A potent alliance that work alongside each other

SITE OF ACTION:

Hydrophobic pocket

ETA:

16x normal rate

SYNOPSIS:

Chymotrypsin cleaves peptide bonds by attacking the unreactive carbonyl group with a powerful nucleophile, the Ser 195 residue, which briefly becomes covalently bonded to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate intermediate

TACTICS:

Two part staged plan

1. Initial “burst” phase: acylation of the substrate to form an acylenzyme intermediate

2. Steady-state phase: deacylation in order to return the enzyme to its original state (following Michaelis-Menten kinetics)

KEY FEATURES: • Tetrahedral transition state

• Oxanion hole

• Acyl-enzyme intermediate

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 1:

1

PREPARING FOR ATTACK

Acid base equilibria

Asp 102 attacks its comrade His 57 via H bonding which steals a H+ from Ser 195

Ser 195 is now ANGRY and a powerful NUCLEOPHILE

(an alkoxide anion)

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 1:

2

READY…SET…CHARGE!

Attack on the substrate

Powerful Ser 195 attacks the substrate where it hurts: at the weak carbonyl carbon, an easy target

A temporary tetrahedral transition state is formed, an unstable condition

Reinforcement: the oxyanion hole stabilizes the negative charge on the carbonyl

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 1:

3

RELIEVING THE TENSION

Transition state collapses

A stable acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed

The substrate carbonyl is attached to the Ser 195 side chain

Which is a covalent bond to the active site, hence this is known as “covalent catalysis”

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 1:

4

RETREAT! RETREAT!

Amino side of the substrate leaves the scene

See ya!

The remainder of the substrate, an amine product, leaves the active site

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 2:

FINALLY!

5

INTRUDER ALERT

Water enters the scene

Water enters the scene

His 57 interacts with water, causing it to be polarized

Water attacks the acyl-enzyme’s carbonyl in a nucleophilic attack (  “nucleophilic catalysis”)

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 2:

6

RELIEVING THE TENSION (AGAIN)

Transition state collapses

(again)

Another tetrahedral transition state is formed (again)

The oxyanion hole stabilizes the negative charge (again)

The tetrahedral transition state collapses (again)

(Notice the theme of “again”)

TACTICS

CHYMOTRYPSIN

STAGE 2:

7

RETREAT! RETREAT!(again)

The substrate leaves the scene

Adios!

The substrate, a carboxylate product, leaves the active site

Created by STEPHANIE LEUNG

Class of 2013

Note: the material covered on exams or in lecture may have changed, so I apologize if some of this is no longer relevant. Also, while much of this is my own work, the images and some of the text may have been copied from other sources. I do not claim it as my own. Lastly, I apologize if any of my material is incorrect/inaccurate. I’m just a student myself :) But please do let me know if there are any discrepancies so

I can correct them. Thanks!

Questions/comments: please contact me at sleung3@uic.edu

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