MUSCLES
There is three types of muscle;
Cardiac- in-voluntary the muscle that encompass the heart
Smooth- in-voluntary
Skeletal- voluntary Provides Human Movement, attached to the skeleton by tendons
Divide the class into 3 (Cardiac/Smooth and Skeletal
muscle):
- Find a couple of images of the muscle
- Say what this type of muscle does
- Give a few examples
Be prepared to feedback your
findings to the class…
CARDIAC MUSCLE
The heart has its own
muscle tissue called
Cardiac/Myocardium
muscle.
Function: the function of the
myocardium is to pump blood
around the body.
It beats
minute
60-80 times a
It is an Involuntary
muscle: as it has its
own nerve supply. It
works by sending nerve
impulses through the
cells and fibres within
the muscle.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Also an involuntary
muscle as they are out of
out CONSCIOUS control.
Found in the digestive system (large
and small intestine), Circulatory
system (artery and vein walls) and
Urinary system.
Smooth muscle contracts
consecutively (peristaltic action),
producing a wavelike effect.
E.G. when food is passed through the
digestive system it is slowly squeezed
through the intestines.
SKELETAL MUSCLE- MUSCLE THAT IS ATTACHED TO
THE SKELETON ACROSS JOINTS…
It is under voluntary control as we
decide when to contract the muscles
and produce movement.
Skeletal muscle is responsible for the
following functions:
-
Produce movement
Maintaining body posture
Generate heat for warmth
Storage of Glycogen for ENERGY
Co-ordinated contractions of
the skeletal muscle allow us
to move smoothly and
produce sports skills.
Over 700 skeletal muscles make up
40% of our body weight (slightly less
for females).
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Within our skeletal muscle we actually have 2 types of
muscle fibre called
fast slow
and
twitch fibres, related to the speed in which
they contract.
Both these fibre
types go back to
when we were
HUNTERS and
GATHERERS
Slow Fibres: Walk
long distances
Fast fibres: Chase
our prey when
needed
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE- TASK…
You will use all of the different types of muscle fibres during a game of football. However, some fibres are
particularly associated with different sports.
Type I fibres are typically employed in a warm up and at the beginning of exercise.
Type IIa fibres can be used for moderate intensity exercise. They are also often used for low intensity
aerobic activities when we are very fatigued and the Type I fibres are tired.
Type IIb fibres are used in explosive, powerful, fast movements. They tire very quickly.
In the space below give 5 sports that are primarily
associated with each muscle fibre type.
Then give at least 2 examples of a footballer using each
type of muscle fibre on match day.
TYPE 1- SLOW TWITCH FIBRES
RED in colour, as they have
a good blood supply
They are suited to endurance work
and are slow to fatigue- Due to
having a dense network of blood
vessels.
They also contain many
MITOCHONDRIA (Energy producing
organelles within cells), making them
more efficient at producing energy
using OXYGEN (O2).
TYPE 2A AND TYPE 2B- FAST TWITCH FIBRES
Fast twitch fibres
contract twice
as quickly as
slow twitch
fibres and
THICKER in size.
Their FASTER, HARDER contractions
make them suitable for producing
fast and powerful contractions. E.G:
Sprinting and Weightlifting
They have a poor blood supply, meaning
they are
whiter in appearance and
fatigue quicker due to
will
lack of OXYGEN (O2)
TYPE 2 (A)
Type 2 (b)
These fibres work when a person is
working close to their maximum
intensity. For example a 100m
runner would use these type of
fibres, or an Olympic lifter
performing a fast lift.
Work at slightly lower intensities, but
higher than slow twitch fibres are
capable of. For example a 400m runner
would utilise Type 2A fibres.
TRAINING EFFECTS FOR MUSCLE
FIBRES…
Type 1 and Type 2b fibres will always retain
Postural muscles (muscles
that keep us standing
upright) like the muscles in
the legs, back and
abdominal areas will be
predominantly SLOW
TWITCH. As they produce low
forces over a long period of
time.
their distinctive features… However Type
2a can take on characteristics of Type 1
and Type 2b depending on the training
done (they do not change their fibre type).
The type of muscles found in the legs will determine
whether you are more suited to sprinting or
endurance running. Your athletic performances will b
a good indicator of which.
Bursztyn (1997): well trained middle- distance athletes
will have 80% slow twitch fibres and well trained
sprinters may have up to 75% fast twitch fibres
UNDERSTANDING MUSCLE ACTION
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
The tendon at the non-moving (or
fixed) end is known as the origin.
The tendon at the moving end
is known as the insertion.
Muscles pull by contracting – they cannot push to produce
the opposite movement.
Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs.
As one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens).
They swap actions to reverse the movement.
• To cause movement, muscles must
work across the joint.
– For example, the bicep works across the elbow joint
causing flexion of the elbow (bending)
• When the muscle contracts it pulls on
the bone, causing movement.
• The bones act like levers, and the
joints are the fulcrum.
• The strength of the contraction
depends on the amount of muscle
fibres brought into use.
– This is known as muscular fibre recruitment.
The biceps and triceps work
together as an antagonistic
pair to move the elbow joint.
To flex the elbow, the biceps
(the flexor) contracts and the
triceps (the extensor)
relaxes.
To extend the elbow, the
actions are reversed so that
the triceps contracts and the
biceps relaxes.
The quadriceps and hamstrings in the legs are another
antagonistic pair. Can you answer the following questions?
Which joint do they move?
quadriceps
What types of movement are
produced?
hamstrings
Which is the flexor and which is the
extensor?
Identify the origin and insertion of
each muscle.
• Each muscle involved in the movement of a specific body part has a
role:
• Agonist/Prime Mover Muscle: this is the muscle that courses
the movement e.g the bicep causes the movement during a bicep curl
• Antagonist/Opposing Muscle: the opposing muscle must counter the action of
the primer mover muscle to allow the action to take place e.g. the triceps must
relax to allow for the biceps to contract during a bicep curl.
• Fixator Muscle: this muscle works to stabilise the joint at the origin of the prime
mover muscle e.g. the trapezius contracts to stabilise the origin of the biceps
during the bicep curl.
• Synergists: this muscle helps the prime mover to produce the desired
movement by preventing any undesirable movements., during the upward
phase of the bicep curl the brachialis muscle is the synergist
• There are 4 main types of contraction
1. Concentric Contraction:
Most common contraction, it takes place
when the ends of the muscle come
closer together and the muscle shortens
2. Eccentric Contraction:
The muscle ends move further away from
each other
3. Isometric Contractions:
A muscle exerts a force but does not
change in length E.G. during a tug of war
everyone is pulling the rope and your arm
muscles are contracting to do this but
your muscles are not shortening or
lengthening. A rugby league example
would be when both sides push in a scrum.
Video of an
eccentric,
concentric
and isometric
contraction
Eccentric- Involves
controlling the weight
on it’s way down
ConcentricContraction to
push weight away
from the body
Where a muscle contracts, but does not change in
length
– The muscle is active in holding a static position
•
•
This is easy to train, but soon leads to fatigue
P4
To achieve P4 you need to
describe:
• The different types of muscle (i.e. cardiac,
skeletal, smooth).
• The different types of muscle fibre (i.e.
Type 1, Type2 and Type 2a) and the different
types of sporting activity that would use
those fibre types.
• The roles that muscles can adopt during
movement and the different contraction
types.
M1
To achieve
you need to explain the
function of the muscular system and the
three different fibre types by giving reasons
to support your description of how the
systems work
To achieve
D1
you need to
analyse the function of the
muscular system and the three
different fibre types by identifying
all the factors and saying how they
are related to one another.
Describe what contribution
they make to the system and give
practical examples to support your
argument.
MUSCLES
Muscles underpin human movement in all manners from picking up a pen to striking
a ball.
An athletes ability to move muscle efficiently and effectively in unison can often be
the difference between winning and loosing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-xesd1er1s
7.10
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Research task: Individually research the chosen muscle. Locate it on the
human body and talk about what it does in relation to the muscular system. You will then
be asked to draw it on the whiteboard at the front of the class and explain your findings
biceps
triceps
deltoids
pectorals
rectus abdominus
quadriceps. These must be split into:
o rectus femoris
o vastus lateralis
o vastus medialis
o vastus intermedius)
hamstrings. These must split into:
·
semimembranosus
·
semitendinosus
·
biceps femoris
gastrocnemius
soleus
tibialis anterior
erector spinae
teres major
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
obliques
gluteus maximus
Use picture of body in paint…
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Lower body:
Anterior view
Quadriceps:
• Rectus
Femoris
• vastus
Intermedius
• Vastus
Lateralis
• Vastus
Medialis
Tibialis anterior
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Posterior View (back)
Lower body
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings:
• Semimembranosus
• Semitendinosus
• Biceps Femoris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Upper body anterior view
Biceps
Triceps
Deltoids
Pectoralis Major
Rectus
Abdominus
Obliques
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Upper body posterior view
Teres Major
Trapezius- Upper back
Latisimus DorsiLower Back
Erector spinae
Copy and complete the
tables…
TASK…
To achieve P3 you need to identify:
• The location of the major muscles (biceps, triceps,
deltoids, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, rectus
femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus
intermedius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus,
biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis
anterior, erector spinae, teres major, trapezius,
latissimus dorsi, obliques, gluteus maximus) in the
body (label a diagram)