Motives for European
Exploration
1.
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
4.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5.
Technological advances.
6.
Fame and fortune.

• Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
• Economic : Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
• Religious : spread Christianity and weaken Middle
Eastern Muslims. (GOD)

European explore
EFFECTS
• Europeans reach and settle Americas
• Expanded knowledge of world geography
• Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
• Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
• Introduction of the institution of slavery
• Columbian Exchange

• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four
European countries begin competing for control of North
America and the world….
– Spain
– England
– France
– Netherlands
The Three Main
• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

• By 1500’s most of Caribbean islands explored and start on mainland
• Line of Demarcation set by Pope Alexander VI giving
Spain control of everything west of it to Spain and east of it went to Portugal
• Spain ends up with all the Americas except Brazil
• Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain the right to claim these new lands.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434
& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

• 1492 funded by King Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain, Columbus sails west
• Ends up in the Bahamas on what today is
Watling Island
• Also found islands of Cuba and Hispaniola
• Most of exploration was in South and Central
America by his brother Bartolomew

Spain Claims America
The Columbian Exchange
Native Americans:
• taught Europeans farming methods
• Also introduced them to new crops such as corn, tobacco and potatoes.
• Introduced them to the canoe.
Europeans:
• introduced Native Americans to wheat, oats, barley, and domestic livestock.
• Also introduced technologies such as metalworking.
• Unfortunately they also introduced diseases that killed many
Natives.

Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes
* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine
* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO
* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis
* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice
* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley
* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats
* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE
* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox
* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria
* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

• Names entire colony New Spain – covers most of what is today Mexico and Central America
• The men who led the expeditions were called conquistadors
• Pizarro, who explored Peru, was one of them
• Coronada, Narvaez, and de Soto were as well
• God, Gold, Glory

• French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal
(1642) and what would become Canada
– Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of
North America
– Develop a fur trade
– Coureur de Bois

• Verrazano sent to map North American coastline
• Cartier explored and mapped the St. Lawrence River
• Champlain established a colony in what is now Nova
Scotia and founded Quebec which later became the capital of New France.
• New France founded for fur trade. Those traders were known as coureurs de bois and lived among the
Native Americans

• Spanish first to pursue colonization
• Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
• First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain
– St. Augustine
(Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish
treasure fleets

Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of the
 part of North
America

Central America

Caribbean Islands

Much of South
America.

First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico.
vs.
Hernando Cortés Montezuma II

• Changes in England lead to interest in colonization
– Religious changes – Protestant Reformation
– Economic changes – tenant farmers pushed off land to make room for raising sheep to support demand for wool
– Joint-stock companies founded to establish colonies as new markets for surplus wool

F/I War 1750

Why do England and Spain want the Americas so much?
• England was now a protestant country and Spain was
Catholic
• Spain tried to stop the spread of Protestantism to the
Netherlands and the Dutch rebelled.
• England came to the aid of the Dutch against Spain.
• Queen Elizabeth I allowed privateers to attack
Spanish ships.
• American colonies were needed as bases to attack
Spanish in the Caribbean.

•
•
•

TYPES OF ENGLISH COLONIES
CHARTER - GRANT OF LAND TO A BUSINESS
PROPRIETARY - GRANT OF LAND TO INDIVIDUAL
ROYAL -KING APPOINTS GOVERNOR – RETAINS
CONTROL
COLONIES ARE BASED ON TRADE / AGRICULTURE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiMCXWMvRJc&list=PLB0F8A93DE18BAE12&index=4

Pilgrims?
vs.
Puritans?

• Founded by Separatists who had broken from the
Church of England.
• They were known as pilgrims
• The pilgrims had originally gone to Holland but came on to America.
• Settled in Plymouth in 1620.
• Led by William Bradford.
• Survived thanks to a native named Squanto who taught them to survive off the land.

• Founded by those Puritans who had remained in the
Church of England and tried to reform it.
• Left England because of persecution and depression in wool industry
• Started by John Winthrop and other wealthy Puritans who held stock in the Mass. Bay Co.
• As conditions in England got worse had a Great
Migration – by 1643 had population of 20,000.

Laws were made by a General Court made up of ‘freemen” –stockholders in the company
Later became a representative assembly
All colonists were required to attend church
Church was supported by taxes and regulated people’s moral behavior
People whose religious beliefs differed from the majority were called heretics and were considered a threat to the community
.

• Started by Roger Williams who had been banished from the Massachusetts colony
• Founded the town of Providence
• Anne Hutchinson founded the town of
Portsmouth when she was branded a heretic in
Massachusetts and banished from the colony.
• The towns of Newport and Warwick were also started by people who were banished from
Massachusetts.
• The colony’s charter included a total separation of church and state.

• Founded by Thomas Hooker who left
Massachusetts because he opposed the policy of allowing only church members to vote.
• Constitution of the colony was called the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which was the first written constitution in the colonies.

The Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620

<iframe width="640" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/PoXHXbgRJv c" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
William Bradford

John Winthrop –
Massachusetts Bay Colony
“We shall be as a city on a hill..”

Growth of the Colonies: 1690

Puritan “Rebels”
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson

New England Colonies, 1650

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
A combination of the New England and Southern Colonies
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw9pw8rIDlU&list=PLB0F8A93DE18BAE12

• Founded by William Penn in 1680.
• He was a Quaker and intended the area to be a refuge for Quakers.
• Quakers had religious beliefs based on the idea that religion was a personal experience and churches and ministers weren’t necessary.
• They also were pacificists which meant they opposed war or violence as a means to settling conflicts .

• Everyone in the colony had religious and political freedom.
• Had a peace treaty with the local natives.
• Founded Philadelphia ‘The City of Brotherly
Love” as its capital.
• Had a charter that allowed for a legislative assembly. Anyone who had 50 acres and were Christian had the right to vote.
• Penn bought the land south of Pennsylvania and it later became the colony of Delaware.

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3KAOWye1AM&list=PLB0F8A93DE18BAE12

• Virginia was a land grant
• The land south of Virginia was given to the king’s friends and political allies.
• The land was known as Carolina and later developed as two separate regions – North Carolina and South
Carolina.

<iframe width="640" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/vpA5O46Ioy k" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe >

• Originally SC grew indigo and rice
• CASH CROP – COTTON & TOBACCO – discovered by John Rolfe
• PLANTATIONS REQUIRE LARGE TRACTS OF
LAND
• SLAVERY BY THE MID 1600s
• SELF SUFFICIENT INDIVIDUALS

• Wet climate of South Carolina (and Georgia) made rice and indigo important crops.
• North Carolina also produced tar, pitch, and turpentine
• South’s reliance on “staple crops” or ones in large demand gave rise to the plantation system
• Indentured servants, or people who couldn’t afford to pay their own way to the new world agreed to work for plantation owners for a certain number of years (usually 7) gave way to slavery in the South
• Because most of these plantations were along waterways the South did not develop major centers of commerce as did the North.

• A joint stock company which makes it a charter
• Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company,
• Mostly men were sent.
• First successful English settlement was Jamestown
• Instituted the headright system to attract people to settle there – promised 50 acres of land to those who would settle the colony.

(Computer Generated)

Main cash crop in Virginia ,
Maryland, and North Carolina because of popularity in England

Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710

Virginia
House of Burgesses
Established in 1619-
First elected representative
Assembly in the American colonies

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black

Population of Chesapeake
Colonies: 1610-1750

Colonization of Maryland

Purpose Families Ethnicity Economy
New
England
Middle
Colonies
Religious Nuclear families
Mixed
Chesapeake Gain wealth
Nuclear families
Extended families
Lower South Gain wealth
Extended families
Mostly
English
Family farms
Mixed
European
Family farms
English
(majority)
& African
English &
African
(majority)
Market plantations
(tobacco)
Market plantations
(rice, indigo)

SECTIONALISM
EACH SECTION OF ENGLISH COLONIES DEVELOP
THEIR OWN IDENTITY
NEW ENGLAND
PURITAN INFLUENCE
TOWN MEETING
VILLAGE GREEN
SEP OF CHURCH & STATE
SETTLERS LIVE IN GROUPS – FARM OUTSIDE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiMCXWMvRJc&list=PLB0F8A93DE18BAE12&index=4