Census of India 2011 State of Literacy Among Adolescents and Youth Population Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi 17-07-2014 Introduction • The rising and young generation, mainly comprising of adolescents and youth, occupies a special place in the social environment. • Population in the age group 10-19 & 15-24 years are treated as Adolescents & Youth respectively & constitute about 30% of the total population in India • Knowledge and well-being of this important section play major role in deciding the nation’s future. Definition • Literates are defined as persons of 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language • Not necessary to have any formal education to be literate • Also not necessary to pass any minimum educational standard • Blind people who can read in Braille are treated as literate • Literacy rates for adolescent and youth population are the percentage of literates to total population in the age group 10-19 and 15-24 respectively. Data Highlights, India, 2001-2011 Adolescents (10-19 Years) Census Year Population (in million) Literates (in million) Literacy Rate ( %) 2001 225.1 181.5 80.6 2011 253.2 228.0 90.0 28.1 (12.5%) 46.5 (25.7%) 9.4 Change Youth (15-24 Years) Census Year Population (in million) Literates (in million) Literacy Rate ( %) 2001 190.0 145.2 76.4 2011 232.0 199.8 86.1 42.0 (22.1%) 54.6 (37.6%) 9.7 Change In 2011, every 10th adolescent and 7th youth in India are illiterates as against every 5th adolescent and 9th youth in the world. Literacy Rates in EAG & Non-EAG States/UTs Literacy Rate among Adolescents (10-19 Years) Census Year EAG States Non-EAG States/UTs 2001 74% 87% 2011 87% 93% Decadal Change 13% 6% Literacy Rate among Youth (15-24 Years) Census Year EAG States Non-EAG States/UTs 2001 68% 82% 2011 81% 91% Decadal Change 13% 9% •EAG States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh & Odisha. •Higher literacy in Non-EAG States/UTs in both the categories and in both 2001 & 2011 •EAG States have recorded higher decadal increase among both adolescents & youth Rural + Urban Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Youth Adolescents Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Adolescents(10-19 years age group) 100.0 85.5 90.0 76.2 80.0 66.5 70.0 60.0 50.0 61.3 53.4 40.6 40.0 30.0 44.2 91.7 90.0 88.2 67.4 57.6 73.5 80.0 62.1 50.9 50.0 38.0 36.0 40.0 26.4 90.0 86.1 84.2 90.0 60.0 66.3 61.9 53.8 48.2 81.8 76.4 67.7 49.3 40.3 33.3 30.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 100.0 70.0 75.1 56.0 50.3 80.6 Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Youth (15-24 years age group) 27.0 23.3 22.3 18.6 10.4 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Gender Gap Persons Males 3.5 10.0 0.0 2011 Females 20.9 30.0 1961 28.8 26.0 1971 1981 Gender Gap Persons 24.2 16.5 1991 2001 Males 8.2 2011 Females Gender gap for adolescents has reduced at greater pace than that of youth With more scope for improvement, female literacy for both groups went up sharply than that of males during 1981-2011 Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 and publications from earlier censuses. Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Adolescents Youth Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Adolescents(10-19 years age group) 100.0 91.1 88.9 83.5 80.0 72.3 70.0 61.5 55.7 60.0 49.1 47.5 50.0 61.6 86.5 77.3 70.3 80.0 28.7 26.3 1961 1971 26.2 22.8 4.6 13.2 10.0 0.0 Gender Gap 1981 Persons 1991 Males 2001 2011 Females 54.7 60.6 45.6 43.7 40.2 39.9 30.5 28.6 30.0 18.8 71.5 60.0 55.5 40.0 20.0 10.0 68.6 50.0 29.4 30.0 88.8 83.7 78.0 81.5 60.0 49.5 35.3 33.9 90.0 70.0 43.3 40.0 0.0 Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Youth (15-24 years age group) 100.0 90.0 20.0 Rural 24.4 13.9 31.1 29.5 1971 1981 28.7 20.9 10.8 1991 2001 2011 29.8 1961 Gender Gap Persons Males Female literacy was substantially lower than males in 1961 & moved sharply after 1981 Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 and publications from earlier censuses. Females Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Adolescents Youth Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Youth (15-24 years age group) Literacy Rate by Sex, India, 1961-2011 Adolescents(10-19 years age group) 100.0 87.1 90.0 80.0 70.0 81.7 77.9 76.4 77.5 83.7 90.6 89.2 93.3 92.8 92.2 87.5 80.0 69.7 60.0 50.0 82.2 70.4 72.2 100.0 90.0 76.3 70.0 65.0 60.0 60.1 50.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 17.8 0.0 1961 10.0 11.3 10.0 7.1 3.1 1.1 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Gender Gap Persons Males Females 82.0 80.0 40.0 10.0 Urban 51.4 24.9 0.0 1961 74.0 64.4 82.5 75.8 85.6 80.2 90.2 87.4 84.2 68.1 74.0 6.0 17.6 14.4 11.6 1971 1981 1991 Gender Gap 92.6 91.4 90.0 Persons Female literacy in urban remarkably better than that of rural area Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 and publications from earlier censuses. Males 2001 2.6 2011 Females Comparative Gender Gap in Literacy Rate by Residence Adolescents Youth Gender Gap in Literacy Among Adolescents India, 1961-2011 Gender Gap in Literacy Among Youth India, 1961-2011 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 35.0 28.7 26.3 30.0 26.2 27.0 17.8 15.0 25.0 22.8 23.3 22.3 10.0 10.0 7.1 5.0 13.2 10.4 3.1 0.0 1961 1971 Total • • 1981 Rural 1991 2001 Urban 31.1 28.8 24.9 20.0 18.6 11.3 30.0 29.8 29.5 26.0 28.7 14.4 15.0 11.6 10.0 4.6 3.5 1.1 2011 20.9 24.2 17.6 16.5 6.0 5.0 10.8 8.2 2.6 0.0 1961 1971 1981 Total Rural The decline is sharper in case of Rural areas, particularly during 1991-2011 Rural-Urban differential in gender gap is less in case of Adolescents Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 and publications from earlier censuses. 1991 2001 Urban 2011 Gender Gap in Literacy Rate, 2011 (States and UTs) Adolescent Youth Meghalaya has negative gender gap both among adolescents and youth. Daman & Diu has also negative gender gap among adolescents only. Higher gender gap among youth may be due to female drop out or/and early marriage etc. Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 Rural + Urban Comparative Literacy Rate, India, 1961-2011 Literacy Rate among Adolescents, Youth and Population 7+ India, 1961-2011 40.6 30.0 48.2 51.6 43.1 36.0 37.3 30.7 6.0 11.4 9.4 9.7 10.0 8.0 64.8 53.8 50.3 50.0 40.0 61.9 56.0 60.0 Pop 7+ 12.0 8.2 73.0 14.0 8.1 8.5 67.4 70.0 76.4 Youth 5.7 5.6 5.8 80.0 86.1 16.0 12.2 80.6 Adolescents 6.6 90.0 90.0 9.7 100.0 13.2 14.5 13.2 Improvement in Literacy Rate among Adolescents, Youth and Population 7+ India, 1961-2011 4.0 2.0 0.0 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 2001-11 20.0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Adolescents Youth • The decade 1991-2001 witnessed maximum improvement in literacy for all three categories • The pace of improvement during the decade 2001-11 has declined for all three categories Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 and publications from earlier censuses. Pop 7+ Literacy-2011 and Decadal Change 2001-11 (Adolescents) Literacy Rate 2011 States/Uts with higher literacy in 2001 have recorded lower decadal changes and vice –versa Gujarat, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh have the combination of high literacy (90%+) & higher decadal increase (7.6% +) Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 Decadal Change 2001-11 Literacy-2011 and Decadal Change 2001-11 (Youth) Literacy Rate 2011 Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 Decadal Change 2001-11 Literacy Rate by Social Groups : 2001-11 83.3 86.1 75.0 2001 59.2 2011 60 80 68.5 2001 76.4 83.6 Literacy rate by social groups (Youth) India, 2001-11 100 67.1 80 88.8 76.2 90.0 100 80.6 Literacy rate by social groups (Adolescents) India, 2001-11 2011 60 Improvement Improvement 0 14.8 20 15.8 40 9.7 12.6 9.4 20 16.5 40 0 Overall SC ST Overall SC ST •Literacy Rates for SCs in both categories (adolescent & youth) are lower than overall but higher than that of STs •Having more scope, STs have recorded higher decadal improvement in both the categories Source: Table C8, Census 2001 and Table C-13A, Census 2011 Scheduled Castes Literacy-2011 and Decadal Change 2001-11 (Adolescents) Literacy Rate 2011 States having higher literacy in 2001 have recorded lower decadal changes Mizoram has recorded marginal negative decadal growth in literacy (96.4% in 2001 to 95.6% in 2011) Source: Table C8SC, Census 2001 and Table C-13A SC, Census 2011 Decadal Change 2001-11 Scheduled Castes Literacy-2011 and Decadal Change 2001-11 (Youth) Literacy Rate 2011 Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha & West Bengal have recorded higher literacy rate (85-95%) in 2011 and also higher decadal changes (15-20%). Source: Table C8SC, Census 2001 and Table C-13A SC, Census 2011 Decadal Change 2001-11 Scheduled Tribes Literacy-2011 and Decadal Change 2001-11 (Adolescents) Literacy Rate 2011 Tamil Nadu recorded higher literacy and also higher decadal growth in literacy Source: Table C8ST, Census 2001 and Table C-13A ST, Census 2011 Decadal Change 2001-11 Scheduled Tribes Literacy-2011 and Decadal Change 2001-11 (Youth) Literacy Rate 2011 Decadal Change 2001-11 Like SC adolescents, Mizoram is the only state which has recorded marginal negative decadal change in literacy Source: Table C8ST, Census 2001 and Table C-13A ST, Census 2011 Thank You Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2-A, Man Singh Road, New Delhi – 110011 Website: www.censusindia.gov.in E-mail: rgi.rgi@censusindia.gov.in