Experience with PDA based Survey
of
Agricultural Outlook
Saurabh Bandyopadhyay
National Council of Applied Economic Research
November **, 2014
Backdrops of the PDA survey
• MoA compiles Four Advance Estimate of area
and production for Kharif and Rabi
• It was felt that supplementary data on inputs,
production condition, market and prices would
be of immense importance
• PDA survey by NCAER is first such attempt,
which covered 14 major states and 16 major
crops, with special emphasis on NSFM
penetration
• The survey was carried out during December
2012 and January 2013 across 754 sample
villages
Objectives of the PDA survey
• To obtain supplementary information
on crop outlook situation on real time
basis
• Incorporate the technology of data
capture, transmission and retrieval in
the process of data collection
Outline of the presentation
• Expectations from the PDA based survey:
• Strategies and Sample used for the
survey
• Some findings
• Conclusions and suggestions for future
applications
Expectations from the PDA based approach
to the survey
•
•
•
•
Survey process to be faster
Better and efficient monitoring
Quicker access to data
Online coordination
Strategies for data collection
Farmers
Village
Officials
District level
Resource
Persons
Inputs on Rainfall, Crop Damage, Demand, Prices
Farmers
in Market
Traders in
Market
Market
Officials
Distribution of Sample Places
Agency
State
name
No. of
districts
No. of
Tehsils
No. of
villages
ARF
ARF
ARF
ARF
PSI
PSI
PSI
ISERU
ISERU
TYS
TYS
SARD
AP
TN
UP
KT
HN
PB
RT
MP
MT
JH
OD
WB
6
6
16
6
4
4
10
12
10
3
5
6
20
12
47
13
12
13
31
37
43
6
10
22
46
26
124
30
30
30
80
100
110
18
20
40
SARD
AM
4
8
20
201
DATALYTICS
GT
8
21
50
701
ISARD
BH
6
12
30
Total
106
307
754
Handset series
101
601
301
401
501
Questionnaires: Types and
Respondents
• Q1 = Listing Sheet
• Q2= Village Schedule
• Q3=Farmer’s Schedule
• Q4=Farmer’s in Mandi
• Q5=Trader’s in Mandi
• Q6=APMC officials
• Q7=Resource person
Allocation of Sample for Different Types
of Respondents
State
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4 & Q5
Q6 & Q7
AP
525
450
3225
1800
150
75
375
1500
2250
1350
300
900
0
2250
1725
16875
46
26
124
30
30
30
80
100
110
18
20
40
20
50
30
754
460
260
1240
300
300
300
800
1000
1100
180
200
400
200
500
300
7540
30
30
80
30
20
20
50
60
50
15
25
30
20
40
30
530
6
6
16
6
4
4
10
12
10
3
5
6
4
8
6
106
TN
UP
KT
HN
PB
RT
MP
MT
JH
OD
WB
AM
GT
BH
Total
Monitoring the survey
• Reports on the number of records received
for different questionnaires by village,
district, state on real time basis.
• Listing data evaluated almost instantly and
feedback sent to the field agencies for
detailed farmer survey.
Some Findings from the Survey at the
National and Regional Level
Selected variables for presentation
• Outlook related indicators
• Two input variables: irrigation and credit
• Disposition of output by the farmers
• Penetration of NFSM
Estimation procedure
Data was aggregated to the State and National
Level using Sampling Weights
Rainfall and overall weather condition
Adequacy of rainfall (Max score=3) for
Rabi 2013-14
All States
North
East
West
South
3.0
2.7 2.7
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.32.3
2.02.1
2.0
2.0
2.0 2.0
0.0
WHEAT
GRAM
MOONG
2.42.42.4
2.4 2.4
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.32.2
2.1
2.0
0.0
URAD
MASOOR
R&M
POTATO
ONION
Adequacy of rainfall (Max score=3) for
Kharif 2013-14
All States
3.0
North
East
West
South
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3 2.3 2.4
2.0 2.0
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.4
2.2
PADDY
BAJRA
2.1 2.1
2.0
1.9
1.6
MAIZE
TUR/ARHAR
2.6
2.5
2.0 2.0
1.6
GROUNDNUT
SUGARCANE
Overall weather condition (Max score=3):
National and regional overview
Pest incidence (% household reporting):
Rabi 2013-14
Wheat
Gram
Potato
Onion
76.24
41.11
36.46
25.79
24.73
22.08
15.61
11.46
19.05
17.99
13.38
13.25
13.69
5.87
0
ALL STATES
22.6
NORTH
EAST
11.12
3.77
1.6
WEST
0
SOUTH
Pest incidence (% household reporting):
Kharif-2013
All States
North
East
West
South
100
53.57
50.79
38.25
36.76
38.41
31.87
31.22
20.59
15.35
100
24.41
24.19
21.23
19.67
14.64
13.71
5.43
0
PADDY
MAIZE
GROUNDNUT
4.3
ONION
Crop yield (kg/hectare) under irrigated as well as
unirrigated condition for wheat and gram in Rabi
2013-14
Wheat-unirrigated
Gram-irrigated
Gram-unirrigated
543
881
889
1101
1322
1466
1455
929
1097
1497
2651
2793
915
946
1277
1396
1434
2820
3205
3632
Wheat-irrigated
ALL STATES
NORTH
EAST
WEST
SOUTH
Crop yield (kg/hectare) under irrigated as well as
unirrigated condition for Paddy in Kharif 2013
Paddy-Unirrigated
ALL STATES
NORTH
EAST
2146.5
2949.2
2970.8
2486.0
2636.6
2475.9
3041.7
3488.0
3747.7
4101.2
Paddy-Irrigated
WEST
SOUTH
Irrigation: Sources
Sources of Irrigation in 2013-14: Tube well
domination (Irrigation as % of cultivated area)
All States
14.9
South
69.8
3.3
33.9
West
60.8
7.4
49.0
38.9
89.4
16.2
0%
2.52.8
4.7
East 2.4
North
12.0
10%
4.4 3.8
79.8
20%
30%
Canal
40%
Tube Well
50%
Other Surface
1.72.4
60%
70%
Other Ground
80%
90%
100%
Adequacy score (Max=3) for irrigation
rated by the farmers during Rabi 2013-14
2.5
2.04
2
1.5
1.83
1.43
1.36
1.25 1.13
1.08
1.17
1.38 1.41 1.43
1.26
1.24
1.19
1.09
1.09
1.50
1.51
1.33
1.18
1
0.5
0
Canal
Tube Well
North
East
Other Surface
West
South
All States
Other Ground
Farm credit availability
Ease of credit availability (Max score =3)
Cooperatives
Bank
Private
3.0
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.1
EAST
WEST
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
NORTH
2.2
2.5
SOUTH
ALL STATES
Credit: Average interest rate charged by
different categories of lenders (%)
Bank
Private
SOUTH
4.9
6.6
EAST
4.6
4.4
5.4
5.9
NORTH
7.7
8.3
WEST
7.1
8.3
9.5
14.8
16.7
19.6
23.4
Cooperatives
ALL STATES
Disposition of output
Disposition of output: Paddy- Kharif 2013
Own use
ALL STATES
SOUTH
WEST
18.39
27.60
36.62
11.86
47.31
73.43
30.53
15.09
Others
54.01
16.07
EAST
NORTH
M-Surplus
44.16
61.84
14.71
25.31
23.07
Disposition of output: Wheat-Rabi
2013-14
Own use
ALL STATES
SOUTH
WEST
23.67
61.19
21.42
63.50
34.64
22.45
10.80
20.35
51.61
61.86
Others
15.15
67.78
16.15
EAST
NORTH
M-Surplus
13.75
15.69
Disposition of output: Pulses- Kharif
2013 (% production)
Own use
ALL STATES
SOUTH
22.63
NORTH
21.01
31.68
42.52
36.29
11.97
Others
45.69
21.24
WEST
EAST
M-Surplus
36.24
43.31
57.07
39.86
20.41
30.96
39.13
Disposition of output: Pulses- Rabi 201314 (% production)
Own use
ALL STATES
SOUTH
WEST
EAST
NORTH
19.95
21.33
12.99
M-Surplus
54.96
50.00
Others
25.09
28.67
70.47
26.25
19.23
49.80
49.56
16.54
23.95
31.21
Extent of Livestock Production
Livestock Production in 2013-14 (%
household engaged in livestock production)
90.0
80.0
4.3
5.0
70.0
9.3
60.0
50.0
1.1
10.4
0.0
0.2
4.5
10.0
4.3
3.9
3.4
3.4
0.1
0.7
40.0
30.0
58.5
49.9
47.1
North
East
20.0
44.4
50.2
10.0
0.0
West
Milk
Eggs
Chicken
South
Mutton
All States
NFSM Penetration
NSFM penetration: % households
reporting participation
North
East
West
South
All States
6.15
5.60
4.52
3.81
2.30
1.86
1.62
1.54
0.90
0.01
0.00
RICE
0.30
0.09
WHEAT
0.21
0.07
PULSES
PDA Survey: Challenges
Challenges
• Collecting quantitative information requires frequent checks
at the data collection stage: programs in the PDAs were used
to take care of inconsistencies in the responses.
• Review and feedback to the interviewers were almost in real
time/ the very next day: field positioning needs strong backend support and strong supervision.
• Power outages affect PDA operations in many parts of
northern India.
• Data networks: problems in eastern states.
Our experience
• Technology support from day 1.
• Questionnaire design and programming of the
questionnaires for the PDAs
• Training
• Data capture, transmission and retrieval
A few photographs of standing crops
taken from the PDA survey
Pic-1: UP-Aligarh-Gazipur-Wheat
Utt_Aligarh_ Gazipur _Whea_img_352397054687912_20140120051305_1
Pic-2: Karnataka- Mysore-Harohalli- Paddy
Kar_Mysore_ Harohalli _Padd_img_355757051418123_20131211031250_3
Pic-3: Madhya Pradesh-Dhar -Kheda - Gram
Mad_Dhar_ Kheda _Gram_img_355055050032395_20140102035229_1
Thank You