Introduction to Science
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Metric_Unit_Analysis.ppt
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Scientific_Notation.ppt
Sci_Not_Multiply_Divide.ppt
Sci_Notation_Sig_Figures.ppt
Scientific Modeling.ppt
Scientific_Method.ppt
Chemistry
Introduction to Science
Terms
Pure Science
A number without a unit is meaningless
Technology
Base Unit
Scientific Models
Prefix
Scientific Laws
meter
Scientific Theories
gram
Inference
Kelvin
The Scientific Method
second
Observation
mole
Question
liter
Hypothesis
1 mL = 1 cm3
Experiment to test Hypothesis
kilo-
Analysis (draw Conclusions)
centi-
Testing only one variable at a time
milli-
Qualitative observations
micro-
Quantitative observations
Derived Unit
Unit Analysis
1 g H20 = 1 mL H2O = 1 cm3 H2O
Significant Digits
Scientific Notation
Uncertainty in a Measurement
Tables
Graphs
Line graphs
X – Y Scatter Plot
Bar graphs
Circle graphs
Introduction to Science
Problem Solving
Working with Unit Analysis
Working with Significant Digits
Working with Scientific Notation
Working with Uncertainty in a Measurement
Working with Tables
Working with Graphs
Introduction to Science
Overall Concepts
Understand how to properly use all the
tools presented to collect and analyze
data, and to infer from that scientific
data, and be able to come to rational and
valid conclusions based on that analysis
and inference.
Introduction to Science
What is Science?
Science is what scientists do
Science is trying to explain the world around us
Science is a way of thinking
“Science is a system of knowledge based on facts
or principles
“social science”
No, actually social studies
Introduction to Science
Branches of Science
Science
Biological
Science
Physical
Science
Earth
Science
Introduction to Science
Branches of Science
Science
Biological
Science
Physical
Science
Earth
Science
Zoology
Botany
Ecology
Science of living things
Introduction to Science
Branches of Science
Science
Biological
Science
Physics
Chemistry
Physical
Science
Earth
Science
Science of matter and
energy
Introduction to Science
Branches of Science
Science
Biological
Science
Physical
Science
Earth
Science
Geology
The systems of the earth
Meteorology
Astronomy
Introduction to Science
Branches of Science
There are many more branches to the sciences
The three categories overlap
- Biochemistry
- Astrobiology
- Geophysics
- etc.
Introduction to Science
Science and Technology
Pure Science - search for scientific knowledge
Technology – application of science
The two are interrelated
Technology develops new tools for investigating
nature from past scientific knowledge (knowledge of
photons leads to the invention of the laser)
New scientific discoveries can occur because of
new technology (lasers can be used for a number of
pure scientific pursuits in physics and biology)
Introduction to Science
Scientific Modeling.ppt
Reality and Scientific Models
At its very core, science is the discipline of making
models of reality that allow us to understand and
make predictions about the world that we live in,
the world around us.
These “Scientific Models” are created from
observations and/or experiments.
This data from observations and experiments
should always be from “actual reality” and not
from opinions, bias, or virtual reality.
Introduction to Science
Scientific Modeling.ppt
Reality and Scientific Models
These models of “reality” are constantly tested and
refined in the scientific community.
In fact, the highest ideal of science is to prove a
theory or law wrong. Conversely, if after repeated
attempts to refute the theory or law, no one has
proven it wrong, we can be fairly certain that it is
probably right and can be used to make
predictions.
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
Scientific Laws
Describes what happens
Quantitative – use numbers and equations to
describe
Often equations are part of the law - (Mathematics
is a universal language)
Example: The Law of Gravity
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
Scientific Theories
A reasoned explanation tested by many
observations and experiments
(Scientific theories are a scientific model)
Tells why things are
Three things
Must explain clearly and simply
Must be repeatable (testable)
Must be able to make predictions
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
Scientific Theories
Theories are generally conceived through the
process called inference
An inference is a logical interpretation based on
data that scientists collect from both observations
and experiments.
Theories can be changed or modified by new
evidence
Example: The Cell Theory
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
Law vs. Theory
Law
Theory
Describes how
Explains why
Summarizes
observations
Agrees with
observations
Usually an equation
Predicts new
discoveries
Introduction to Science
Models
A more specific terminology often used in science
and technology is the general term “model”.
A representation of some object or event
Made to better understand it
Often used if real thing is too big, small or
complex.
Introduction to Science
Models
Come in a variety of forms, almost always physical
in nature.
Physical models
Diagrams
Computer models
An example might be a model car, a computer
model of a building, etc.
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
The Scientific Method
A way of thinking about and solving problems
It is a logical method
You do it all the time
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
The Scientific Method
Starts with observation- can be anything
Question – what do you want to know?
Gather data- what is already known
Form hypothesis- a possible explanation
Design experiment to test hypothesis
This is the hard part
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
The Scientific Method
Experiments generate more observations
Allow us to analyze (draw conclusions)
about hypothesis
Support the hypothesis or not
If not modify hypothesis
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
Formulate
Observe
a question
Experiment
tests hypothesis
Collect
data
Form
hypothesis
Observation
Observation
Observation
Draw
Conclusions
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
Introduction to Science
Scientific_Method.ppt
The Scientific Method
Does not always work this way, but gives a
way of guiding our thinking
Hard part is testing only one variable at
a time.
Changing only one thing at a time
If you change more than one, you don’t
know which one is the cause
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Observations
Qualitative – describe with words - Hot , red,
large
Quantitative – (requires measurements with
numbers) describe with numbers - 100° , 10
meters, 3.46 grams
Scientists prefer quantitative
Easy to agree upon
No personal bias
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Measurement
A number without a unit is
meaningless
It is 4 long
4 what?
Scientists use the metric system or SI
for le System Internationale d’Units
Makes sharing data easier
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Base Units and Prefixes
A simple Measurement always has a
Base unit and can have a prefix if
needed
Prefixes multiply or divide the base
units by multiples 10
Prefixes are the same for all base
units
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Base Units
Quantity
Unit
Abbreviation
Length
meter
m
Mass
gram
g
Temperature
Kelvin
K
Time
second
s
Electric current
ampere
A
Amount of Substance
mole
mol
Luminous Intensity
candela
cd
Volume
liter
L
1 mL = 1 cm3
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Prefixes
Prefix
Symbol
Meaning
As a Number
Giga-
G
billion
1 000 000 000
Mega-
M
million
1 000 000
Kilo-
k
thousand
1 000
Hecto-
h
hundred
100
Deca-
da
ten
10
Deci-
d
tenth
0.1
Centi-
c
hundredth
0.01
Milli-
m
thousandth
0.001
Micro-
μ
millionth
0.000 001
Nano-
n
billionth
0.000 000 001
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Derived Units
(Compound Units)
A Derived Unit is a unit of measurement
that is defined by a combination of base
units (can even be the same base unit – cm3)
Area – cm2
m2
Volume – cm3
m3
Density – g/cm3
Velocity – m/s
etc.
kg/L
mm/ms
etc.
g/mL
etc.
etc.
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Mass, also known as "matter".. (all the "stuff" in the universe) is the
amount of matter an object contains measured in kilograms (kg). 1,000
grams = 1 kg Scientists measure an object's mass using a triple beam
balance.
Weight is related to Mass but is NOT the same thing. Weight is the mass
multiplied by the force (acceleration) of gravity on the object.
Mass is measured in a simple Unit – grams,
kilograms, etc.
Weight is measured in a derived Unit – kg m/s2
The mass of an object does not change, but it's weight can depending on
the gravity- for example you weigh more on Earth than on the Moon
because the Earth's gravity is much stronger. If I travel to the moon, my
mass has not changed, but my weight has changed because the moon's
gravity is less. Weight is measured in Newtons (N) because it's considered
a force.
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Metric_Unit_Analysis.ppt
Unit Analysis (Dimensional Analysis)
Unit Analysis is a method of using
ratios equal to one (1) to change a
starting unit measurement to a final unit
measurement with a different unit label
than what was started with.
Metric System
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
A Special Situation in Metrics
There is one special case in metrics
that ties mass with volume.
One gram of water, at temperature
4 °C is equal to one milliliter of
water which is equal to one cm3 of
water.
1 g H2O = 1 mL H2O = 1 cm3 H2O
This case is only true for water!
Measurements
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Sci_Notation_Sig_Figures.ppt
Significant Digits
All measurements in science are written
with the proper number of significant
digits according to the type of
measuring instrument used.
These significant digits are added,
subtracted, multiplied, and divided
according to specific rules in order to
keep the correct number of significant
digits in the final answer.
Measurements
Scientific_Notation.ppt
Sci_Not_Multiply_Divide.ppt
Scientific Notation
Sci_Notation_Sig_Figures.ppt
A way of easily showing the significant
digits in a number and also helping to
handle very large or very small numbers
is Scientific Notation.
In this class, you will need to be able to
manipulate the exponents without the
help of a calculator.
Measurements
Metrics_and_Measuring.ppt
Showing Uncertainty in a
Measurement (recording the correct
significant digits)
When measuring, record the digits that are
certain (you know these because there are
marks or lines to use to determine the digits).
Then, estimate a final digit between the marks
that bracket the measurement.
This is the correct measurement with the
correct significant digits
Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Tables
- Organizing data into groups
- Putting those groups into rows and columns
- Gives us an easy way to compare data
All tables that you make should be in the form
shown in the PowerPoint above.
Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Tables
Tables and Graphs are made using the same
components that are presented in the
Scientific Method
- Hypothesis
- Control
- Independent variable
- Dependent variable
Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Graphs
Give a visual representation of data
Summarizes data.
Two types of variables
Independent variable the thing you have
control over
Dependent variable the thing that you don’t
have control over.
The three basic types of graphs are line, bar,
and circle
Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Graphs
All graphs include
- A title
- Labeled axes
- A consistent scale.
Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Line Graphs
Line graphs - compare two variables.
shows information that is connected in some way (such as
change over time)
35
30
25
New York
San Diego
Salina Cruz
20
15
10
5
0
J
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M
A M
J
J
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Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
X –Y Scatter Plot
A type of graph that displays
values for two variables for a
set of data.
The data is displayed as a
collection of points, each
having the value of one variable
determining the position on the
horizontal axis and the value of
the other variable determining
the position on the vertical axis.
Tables and Graphs
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
Bar Graphs
Bar Graphs - wide
columns used for things
like weight, height, and
length.
Compare quantities
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Production of Energy per
gram
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Tables and Graphs
33%
Hypothesis_Variables_and Graphs.ppt
42%
Circle Graphs
Often called a pie chart
divided into parts
easy to compare to whole
amount.
Use several to show
changes over time
25%
Buildings
Transportation
Industrial