網路連結 Internetworking 1 2 Connecting Devices Connecting Devices Networking Devices Repeaters Hubs Bridges Switches Internetworking Devices Routers Gateways 3 Repeater • Repeater amplifies the signal. • At the physical layer 1 2 3 4 5 6 weak signal 1 2 3 4 5 6 strong signal 4 Hub • Deploy as star topology • Emulate the bus topology (broadcast) • Work as an repeater Hub 4 1 2 3 5 Collision • Collision in bus topology • Degradation of performance Host A Host B A sends a frame. Host A Host B B sends a frame. Host A Host B Collision occurs. Host A Host B B finds collision. A finds collision. 6 Bridge • Bridges operate at the first two layers of the OSI model. 1 2 3 8 5 4 6 7 6 1 8 3 7 2 segment 4 5 7 Switch • Stations send frames directly to the switch. • At the first two layers 1 7 6 2 5 3 4 8 Routers in an Internet • Routers operate at the first three layers of the OSI model. 9 Gateway • Traditionally, a gateway is a connecting device that acts as a protocol converter. – Understand two protocols – Translate from one to another • Today, the term gateway is used interchangeably with the term router. IP Network Telecommuni cation Network gateway 10 Connecting Devices and the OSI Model switch Hub 11 Hubs … physical-layer (“dumb”) repeaters: – bits coming in one link go out all other links at same rate – all nodes connected to hub can collide with one another – no frame buffering – no CSMA/CD at hub: host NICs detect collisions twisted pair hub 12 Switch • link-layer device: smarter than hubs, take active role – store, forward Ethernet frames – examine incoming frame’s MAC address, selectively forward frame to one-or-more outgoing links when frame is to be forwarded on segment, uses CSMA/CD to access segment • transparent – hosts are unaware of presence of switches • plug-and-play, self-learning – switches do not need to be configured 13 Switch: allows multiple simultaneous transmissions A • hosts have dedicated, direct connection to switch • switches buffer packets • Ethernet protocol used on each incoming link, but no collisions; full duplex – each link is its own collision domain • switching: A-to-A’ and Bto-B’ simultaneously, without collisions – not possible with dumb hub C’ B 6 1 5 2 3 4 C B’ A’ switch with six interfaces (1,2,3,4,5,6) 14 Switch Table A • Q: how does switch know C’ that A’ reachable via interface 4, B’ reachable via interface 5? • A: each switch has a switch table, each entry: – (MAC address of host, interface to reach host, time stamp) • looks like a routing table! • Q: how are entries created, maintained in switch table? – something like a routing B 6 1 5 2 3 4 C B’ A’ switch with six interfaces (1,2,3,4,5,6) 15 Switch: self-learning A A A’ • switch learns which hosts can be reached through which interfaces – when frame received, switch “learns” location of sender: incoming LAN segment – records sender/location pair in switch table MAC addr A C’ Source: A Dest: A’ B 1 6 5 2 3 4 C B’ A’ interface TTL 1 60 Switch table (initially empty) 16 Switch: frame filtering/forwarding When frame received: 1. record link associated with sending host 2. index switch table using MAC dest address 3. if entry found for destination then { if dest on segment from which frame arrived then drop the frame else forward the frame on interface indicated forward on all but the interface } on which the frame arrived else flood 17 Self-learning, forwarding: example Source: A Dest: A’ A A A’ C’ • frame destination unknown:flood • destination A location known: selective send B A6A’ 1 2 4 5 C A’ A B’ 3 A’ MAC addr interface TTL A A’ 1 4 60 60 Switch table (initially empty) 18 Interconnecting switches • switches can be connected together S4 S1 S2 A B S3 C F D E I G H • Q: sending from A to F - how does S1 know to forward frame destined to F via S4 and S3? • A: self learning! (works exactly the same as in single-switch case!) 19 Self-learning multi-switch example Suppose C sends frame to I, I responds to C S4 1 S1 S2 A B C 2 S3 F D E I G H • Q: show switch tables and packet forwarding in S1, S2, S3, S4 20 Institutional network to external network mail server router web server IP subnet 21 Switches vs. Routers • both store-and-forward devices – routers: network layer devices (examine network layer headers) – switches are link layer devices • routers maintain routing tables, implement routing algorithms • switches maintain switch tables, implement filtering, learning algorithms 22 Summary comparison hubs routers switches traffic isolation no yes yes plug & play yes no yes optimal routing cut through no yes no yes no yes 23 網路連結 • 將網路 LAN 相連接的方法: – – – – 直接連結 與 WAN 連結 透過 WAN 連結 連結成階層式架構 24 直接連結 LAN 1 網路連 結設備 LAN 2 computer 25 與 WAN 連結 LAN 1 網路連 結設備 WAN 2 26 透過 WAN 連結 LAN 1 WAN 2 LAN 2 27 連結成階層式架構 WAN WAN WAN 28 透過骨幹網路(Backbone Network)連結 WAN WAN LAN LAN Backbone Network LAN LAN LAN 29 網路連結設備 • 以黑盒子代表網路連結的設備。 • 網路連結的設備會影響連結網路的性質。 • 根據連結網路的特性可將設備分類為 – – – – – 數訊號加強器(Repeater) 橋接器(Bridge) 路由器(Router) 閘道器(Gateway) 其他常見的連結設備有數據機(Modem)、 30 集線器(Hub)、Ether 交換器(Ether Switch) 數據機(Modem) • MOdulator(調變,數位→ 類比)and DEModulator(解調變,類比→數位) 電話網路 PSTN Central Office ISP 數據機 Digital Signal 數位訊號 Analog Signal 類比訊號 Digital Signal 數位訊號 31 訊號加強器(Repeater) • 連接 2 個完全相同的網路。 • 將收到的訊號放大、修正復原,再送出。 • 不對 Signal 做任何的處理。 10 Base2 Ethernet Repeater 10 Base2 Ethernet 32 Repeater 通訊協定架構 Host A Host B Application Presentation Session Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Transport Network Data Link Repeater Function Physical PHY LAN 1 Physical PHY LAN 2 33 集線器(Hub) • 用以連接多台電腦。 • 不對收到的資料做位址的檢查。 Hub Hub Hub 34 Hub 的運作 • Hub 採取 point-to-point 的設計,必須模 擬 CSMA/CD 在 Bus 的行為: – Broadcast:Hub 將收到的 Signal 強制轉到其 他 Ports 送出。 也有 Repeater 的作用。 – Frame Collision:Hub 將同時收到 2 Signals 視為發生 Collision。 Hub Broadcast 給所有電腦一個 collision presence signal。 35 Ether-Switch • 改進 Hub 同一時間 只能傳送一個 Frame 的缺點。 • 檢查 Frame 上目的 地的 MAC address, 將 Frame 轉送到正 確的 port。 • 建立自動學習的位 址對照表。 Ethernet 1 Ethernet 2 A C B D port 1 port 2 port 3 port 4 E G F H Ethernet 3 EtherSwitch Ethernet 4 36 Ether-Switch 的架構圖 位址對照表 host port A B C D E F G H 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 交換 元件 Buffer 控制處 理機 Collision Detection port 1 port 2 port 3 port 4 A C E G B D F H 37 Ether-Switch 的效能 • 最多可同時傳送 n/2 個 Signals – n is the number of ports in the switch • 有交換機目的地衝突的問題 – A wants to talk to C, however C is reading now – Send a Collision Signal to A 38 Bridge • 類似 Ether-switch 的功能 – 通常以硬體製作的設備稱為 Switch ,軟體 製作的設備稱為 Bridge。 • 結合實際傳輸線路不同(實體層、MAC 層不同,但LLC及以上要相同)的網路。 • “邏輯上”成為一個網路,但各個“實體” 子網路(subnet)則各自獨立運作。 – Users 感覺不到 Bridges 的存在。 39 Bridge的例子 • Subnet 1 、2 、3 擁有相同的 LLC protocol(IEEE 802.2),MAC 層不同 Subnet 2 FDDI 10Base2 IEEE 802.3 FDDI 橋接器 Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 無線電收訊塔台 筆記型電腦 筆記型電腦 40 Bridge 的過濾(Filtering) • Subnet 1 、2 、3 擁有相同的MAC protocol(CDMA/CD),PHY 層不同 • A→B(In the same subnet 1) A: 140.126.155.12 Subnet 2 10Base5 橋接器 Subnet 1 10Base2 集線器 C: 140.126.156.114 B: 140.126.155.14 Subnet 3 10BaseT 41 Bridge 的轉送(Forwarding) • A (Subnet 1) →C(Subnet 2) A: 140.126.155.12 Subnet 2 10Base5 橋接器 Subnet 1 10Base2 集線器 B: 140.126.155.14 Subnet 3 10BaseT C: 140.126.156.114 42 Bridge 的運作 • Host X → Host Y • 檢查 Destination Y MAC Address – 在 DB 上: 同一 port:Filtering 不同 port:Forwarding to Y’s port – 不在 DB 上:Forward to all other ports • 檢查 Source MAC Address – 在 DB 上:檢查 DB 是否正確需要修改 – 不在 DB 上:記錄新的資料 43 Bridge 的特性 • Bridge 會檢查 MAC address – 有 Filtering(frame過濾)的功能。 – 若不在相同 Subnet 上,則做Forward (轉送) 的動作。 • 通常用 Bridges 連結的網路會形成 A Spanning Tree,使 2 Hosts 間 Only One Path: – 不會有 Frame 重覆收到的問題。 – 簡化 Routing 的問題。 44 Bridge 通訊協定架構 Host A Host B Application Presentation Session Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Transport Network Data Link Bridge Function LLC Physical LAN 1 MAC MAC PHY PHY Physical LAN 2 45 Bridge 的運作原理 高層軟體 (擴張樹維運軟體,橋接器管理軟體) LLC 埠狀態 訊息 MAC 軟體 1 LLC 訊框轉送程式 MAC 軟體 2 訊框接收程式 網路界面 1 port 1 LAN 1 埠狀態 訊息 訊框傳送程式 過濾資料庫 網路界面 2 port 2 LAN 2 46 Bridge 的元件 • 過濾資料庫(Filtering Database) – 存放各主機隸屬於那一個 port 的 Database。 • 轉送程式(Forwarding Process) – 負責將收到且要轉送的 Frame 傳給適當的 port – 查詢 Filtering Database,Bridge 才能判定要 Forwarding 或 Filtering。 • 學習程式(Learning Process) – Bridge 自己學習建立 Filtering Database – 檢查 Source MAC Address 修改過濾資料庫 47 路由器(Router) • Router 用於連接 LLC 不同,但 Network Layer 及上層都相同的網路。 • Internet 以 Routers 做為中繼站,穿越各 個網路轉送 Packet。 • 企業內部以 Routers 做為子網路交換 Packet 的中心。 48 路由器 R2 的路由資訊 49 Router R2 路由表 50 Routers 的運作 • 讀取收到的 Packet 上的 IP 位址,查詢路 由表(Routing Table),以得知應從那 一個 Port 將 Packet 送出 • Router 必須了解兩個協定的 PHY、Data Link Layers,以便和兩個子網路溝通和 進行封包的轉換 – Ex:FDDI MTU=4500 bytes、Ethernet MTU=1500 bytes 51 Dynamic Routing • Router 會不斷學習改進其 Dynamic Routing Table • Router 之間使用 Routing Protocol 來交換 網路的資訊 – RIP(Routing Information Protocol) – OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) 52 Router 通訊協定架構 Host A Host B Application Presentation Session Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Router Function Transport Network Data Link Network Data LinkData Link Physical PHY LAN 1 Physical PHY LAN 2 53 閘道器(Gateway) • 連接型態完全不同的網路 – GPRS & Internet,CATV & Ethernet • Gateway 必須完成通訊協定轉換的動作: – Frame 格式的轉換 不同的 Frame 格式與最大長度限制 MTU。 – Address 的轉換 不同的網路使用不同的定址模式。 – Protocol 的轉換 控制 Frame 的轉換、流量控制、錯誤偵測及修正。 54 Gateway 通訊協定架構 Host A Host B Gateway Function Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical LAN 1 AP AP Presentation Presentation Session Session Transport Transport Network Network Data LinkData Link Physical Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical LAN 2 55 網路連結設備分類規則 連結設備 實體層 通訊協定 資料鏈結層 MAC LLC 網路層 以上 Repeater 相同 相同 相同 相同 Bridge 不同 不同 相同 相同 Router 不同 不同 不同 相同 Gateway 不同 不同 不同 不同 56 網路連結設備功能 連結設備 實際網路個數 邏輯網路個數 Repeater 1 1 Bridge N 1 Router N N Gateway N N 57