UML Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language


Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group.
UML includes a set of graphic notation techniques to create visual models of software-intensive systems.

Structure Diagrams

Structure diagrams emphasize the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent the structure they are used extensively in documenting the architecture of software systems.


Class diagram: describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, and the relationships among the classes.
Component diagram: describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components.

Structure Diagrams




Composite structure diagram: describes the internal structure of a class and the collaborations that this structure makes possible.
Deployment diagram: describes the hardware used in system implementations and the execution environments and artifacts deployed on the hardware.
Object diagram: shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time.
Package diagram: describes how a system is split up into logical groupings by showing the dependencies among these groupings.

Structure Diagrams

Profile diagram: operates at the metamodel level to show stereotypes as classes with the <<stereotype>> stereotype, and profiles as packages with the <<profile>> stereotype.
The extension relation (solid line with closed, filled arrowhead) indicates what metamodel element a given stereotype is extending.

Behavior Diagrams

Behavior diagrams emphasize what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate the behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems.



Activity diagram: describes the business and operational step-bystep workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.
UML state machine diagram: describes the states and state transitions of the system.
Use case diagram: describes the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals represented as use cases, and any dependencies among those use cases.

Interaction Diagrams

Interaction diagrams, a subset of behaviour diagrams, emphasize the flow of control and data among the things in the system being modeled:

Communication diagram: shows the interactions between objects or parts in terms of sequenced messages. They represent a combination of information taken from Class,
Sequence, and Use Case Diagrams describing both the static structure and dynamic behavior of a system.

Interaction overview diagram: provides an overview in which the nodes represent interaction diagrams.

Interaction Diagrams


Sequence diagram: shows how objects communicate with each other in terms of a sequence of messages. Also indicates the lifespans of objects relative to those messages.
Timing diagrams: are a specific type of interaction diagram, where the focus is on timing constraints.

Class Diagrams




The main building block in object oriented modeling
They are used both for general conceptual modeling of the systematics of the application, and for detailed modeling translating the models into programming code
The classes in a diagram represent both the main objects and/or interactions in the application and the objects to be programmed
In the diagram these classes are represented with boxes which contain three parts

Class Diagrams

A class with three sections.



The upper part holds the name of the class
The middle part contains the attributes of the class
The bottom part gives the methods or operations the class can take or undertake

Class Diagrams




In the system design of a system, a number of classes are identified and grouped together in a class diagram which helps to determine the static relations between those objects
With detailed modeling, the classes of the conceptual design are often split in a number of subclasses
In order to further describe the behavior of systems, these diagrams can be complemented by state diagram or UML state machine
Also instead of class diagrams, Object role modeling can be used if you just want to model the classes and their relationships

The class icon



Defines


Persistent system state
System behavior
The class icon has


Name
Attributes

Operations
It’s a rectangle divided into three compartments.

Steps followed






Structural Modeling:
Construct Description Syntax class a description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, methods, relationships and semantics. interface a named set of operations that characterize the behavior of an element. component a modular, replaceable and significant part of a system that packages implementation and exposes a set of interfaces. node a run-time physical object that represents a computational resource.
«interface»
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Structural Modeling:
(cont’d)
Construct Description constraint¹ a semantic condition or restriction.
Syntax
{constraint}
¹ An extension mechanism useful for specifying structural elements.
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Structural Modeling:
Construct Description Syntax association a relationship between two or more classifiers that involves connections among their instances. aggregation A special form of association that specifies a whole-part relationship between the aggregate (whole) and the component part. generalization a taxonomic relationship between a more general and a more specific element. dependency a relationship between two modeling elements, in which a change to one modeling element (the independent element) will affect the other modeling element (the dependent element).
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Structural Modeling:
(cont’d)
Construct realization
Description a relationship between a specification and its implementation.
Syntax
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

StoreHome
POSterminalHome
POSterminal
POSterminal
<<use>> <<interface>>
Store
+getPOStotals(POSid)
+updateStoreTotals(Id,Sales)
+get(Item)
Store
-storeId: Integer
-POSlist: List
+create()
+login(UserName, Passwd)
+find(StoreId)
+getPOStotals(POSid)
+updateStoreTotals(Id,Sales)
+get(Item)
Fig. 3-29, UML Notation Guide
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Associations



An Association represents a family of links
Binary associations (with two ends) are normally represented as a line, with each end connected to a class box
Company
Higher order associations can be drawn with more than two ends; in such cases, the ends are
Account connected to a central diamond
Fig. 3-40, UML Notation Guide
 employer
Job  employee
Job salary worker  boss
0..1
Manages
{
X or}
Person
Person
Corporation
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Associations


An association can be named, and the ends of an association can be adorned with role names, ownership indicators, multiplicity, visibility, and other properties
There are five different types of association; bi-directional and uni-directional associations are the most common ones
Company
 employer
Job  employee
Account
Job salary worker  boss
0..1
Manages
{
X or}
Person
Person
Corporation
Fig. 3-40, UML Notation Guide
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Aggregations



Aggregation is a variant of the "has a" or association relationship; aggregation is more specific than association
It is an association that represents a part-whole or part-of relationship. As a type of association, an aggregation can be named and have the same adornments that an association can
However, an aggregation may not involve more than two classes

Aggregations


Aggregation can occur when a class is a collection or container of other classes, but where the contained classes do not have a strong life cycle dependency on the container—essentially, if the container is destroyed, its contents are not
In UML, it is graphically represented as a hollow diamond shape on the containing class end of the tree of lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class

Composition





Composition is a stronger variant of the "owns a" or association relationship; composition is more specific than aggregation
It is represented with a solid diamond shape
Has a strong life cycle dependency between instances of the container class and instances of the contained class(es): If the container is destroyed, normally every instance that it contains is destroyed as well
Note that a part can (where allowed) be removed from a composite before the composite is deleted, and thus not be deleted as part of the composite
The UML graphical representation of a composition relationship is a filled diamond shape on the containing class end of the tree of lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class scrollbar
Slider
2
Window scrollbar [2]: Slider title: Header body: Panel
1
Window
1 title 1
Header
1
Fig. 3-45, UML Notation Guide body 1
Panel
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Generalization



Indicates that one of the two related classes (the subtype ) is considered to be a specialized form of the other (the super type ) and supertype is considered as ' subtype
Generalization' of
In practice, this means that any instance of the subtype is also an instance of the supertype
An exemplary tree of generalizations of this form is found in binomial nomenclature: human beings are a subtype of simian, which are a subtype of mammal, and so on. The relationship is most easily understood by the phrase 'A is a B' (a human is a mammal, a mammal is an animal).
Fig. 3-47, UML Notation Guide
Polygon
Polygon
Shape
Ellipse
Shape
Ellipse
Spline
Spline
. . .
. . .
Separate Target Style
Shared Target Style
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Generalization


The UML graphical representation of a Generalization is a hollow triangle shape on the supertype end of the line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more subtypes.
The generalization relationship is also known as the inheritance or
"is a" relationship.


The supertype in the generalization relationship is also known as the
"parent" , superclass , base class , or base type.
The subtype in the specialization relationship is also known as the "child", subclass, derived class, derived type, inheriting class, or inheriting type.
Polygon
Polygon
Shape
Ellipse
Shape
Ellipse
Spline
Spline
. . .
. . .
Separate Target Style
Shared Target Style
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn
Fig. 3-47, UML Notation Guide

Generalization



Note that this relationship bears no resemblance to the biological parent/child relationship: the use of these terms is extremely common, but can be misleading
Generalization-Specialization relationship

A is a type of B

E. g. "an oak is a type of tree", "an automobile is a type of vehicle"
Generalization can only be shown on class diagrams and on Use case diagrams.
Polygon
Polygon
Shape
Ellipse
Shape
Ellipse
Fig. 3-47, UML Notation Guide
Spline
Spline
. . .
. . .
Separate Target Style
Shared Target Style
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

Dependencies


Dependency is a weaker form of relationship which indicates that one class depends on another because it uses it at some point of time
It exists if a class is a parameter variable or local variable of a method of another class
ClassA
«friend»
«call»
ClassD
ClassB
«instantiate»
ClassC
«refine»
«friend»
ClassD operationZ()
ClassC combines two logical classes
ClassE
Fig. 3-50, UML Notation Guide
Reference: OMG tutorial on UML by Cris Kobryn

UML Class Diagram Examples
Reference: www.smartdraw.com

Object Diagram


A diagram that shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time
Focuses on some particular set of object instances and attributes, and the links between the instances

Object Diagram





A set of objects (instances of classes) and their relationships
A static snapshot of a dynamic view of the system
Represents real or prototypical cases
Very useful before developing class diagrams
Worth saving as elaborations of class diagrams

Instance Specifications



Each object and link is represented by an
This can show an object's classifier (e.g. an abstract or concrete class) and instance name, as well as attributes and other structural features using
Each
corresponds to a single attribute or feature, and may include a value for that entity

Instance Specifications



The name on an instance specification optionally shows …
 an instance name, a ':' separator, and optionally one or more classifier names separated by commas
The contents of slots, if any, are included below the names, in a separate attribute compartment
A link is shown as a solid line, and represents an instance of an association

Example

As an example, consider one possible way of modeling production of the Fibonacci sequence

Example

In the first UML object diagram, the instance in the leftmost instance specification …
 is named v1 ,


 has IndependentVariable as its classifier, plays the NMinus2 role within the FibonacciSystem , and has a slot for the val attribute with a value of 0

Example

The second object …



 is named v2 , is of class IndependentVariable , plays the NMinus1 role, and has val = 1

Example

The
object …

 is named v3 , and plays the N role

Example

The topmost instance, an anonymous instance specification, …
 has FibonacciFunction as its classifier, and
 may have an instance name, a role, and slots, but these are not shown here

Example


The diagram also includes three named links, shown as lines
Links are instances of an association

Example



After the first iteration, when n = 3, and f(n-2) = 1, and f(n-1) = 1, then f(n) = 1 + 1 = 2
At a slightly later point in time, the
and
objects are the same, but the slots for the different values
attribute have
The role names are not shown here

Example




After several more iterations, when n = 7, and f(n-2)
= 5, and f(n-1) = 8, then f(n) = 5 + 8 = 13
In a still later snapshot, the same three objects are involved
Their slots have different values
The instance and role names are not shown here

Usage




If you are using a UML modeling tool, you will typically draw object diagrams using some other diagram type, such as on a class diagram
An object instance may be called an
or just an
A link between instances is generally referred to as a
Other UML entities, such as an aggregation or composition symbol (a diamond) may also appear on an object diagram

More Examples
Object diagram
Class diagram

More Examples


More Examples


More Examples


More Examples