数学基础

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Theory of Elasticity
Chapter 2
Mathematical Preliminaries
(数学基础)
Content(内容)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Introduction(概述)
Mathematical Preliminaries (数学基础)
Stress and Equilibrium(应力与平衡)
Displacements and Strains (位移与应变)
Material Behavior- Linear Elastic Solids(弹性应力应变关系)
Formulation and Solution Strategies(弹性力学问题求解)
Two-Dimensional Formulation (平面问题基本理论)
Two-Dimensional Solution (平面问题的直角坐标求解)
Two-Dimensional Solution (平面问题的极坐标求解)
Three-Dimensional Problems(三维空间问题)
Bending of Thin Plates (薄板弯曲)
Plastic deformation – Introduction(塑性力学基础)
Introduction to Finite Element Mechod(有限元方法介绍)
Chapter 2
Page 1
Reviews(复习)
Basic Assumptions(基本假设):





Chapter
Continuous(连续性)
Homogeneous(均匀性)
Isotropic(各向同性)
perfectly elastic(完全弹性)
Small deformation(小变形)
2
Page
2
Reviews(复习)
•Continuous(连续性)
Chapter
2
Page
3
Reviews(复习)
•Homogeneous(均匀性)
Chapter
2
Page
4
Reviews(复习)
•Isotropic(各向同性)
金属:微观各向异性
Anisotropic (各向异性)
宏观:Isotropic(各向同性)
Chapter
2
Page
5
Reviews(复习)
•Examples: DS blades (定向凝固涡轮叶片)
铸造过程模拟
Chapter
2
Page
6
Reviews(复习)
•Examples: Single Crystal blades(单晶叶片)
Chapter
2
Page
7
Reviews(复习)
•Examples: Turbine blades (涡轮叶片)
Chapter
2
Page
8
Reviews(复习)
•Perfectly elastic(完全弹性)
F
D
Chapter
2
Page
9
Reviews(复习)
•Small deformation(小变形)
Chapter
2
Page
10
Chapter 2(第二章)
• 2.1
• 2.2
• 2.3
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scalar (标量)
Vector (矢量)
Indicial Notation and Summation Convention
(指标记法与求和约定)
2.4 Coordinate Transformations (坐标变换)
2.5 Tensors(张量)
2.6 Kronecker Delta Symbol(克罗内克δ符号)
2.7 Alternating Symbol(交错张量)
2.8 Salar Product,Vector Product an Triple
Product (标量积矢量积和三重积)
2.9 Scalar Vector Fields(标量场和矢量场)
Chapter 2
Page 11
2.1 Scalar (标量)
Examples of scalar(标量):
material density ρ(材料的密度ρ)
Young’s modulus E (杨氏模量 )
Poisson’s ratio ν (泊松比ν )
shear modulus G. (剪切弹性模量ν )
Chapter 2
Page 12
2.2 Vector(矢量)
Examples of vector(矢量):
displacement of material points (位移)
rotation of material points (转角)
Chapter 2
Page 13
2.2 Vector(矢量)
?
Chapter 2
Page 14
2.3 Indicial Notation and Summation
Convention(指标记法与求和约定)
z =x3
k=e3
a
e1=i
O
x,y ,z
P
y=x2
j=e2
x =x1
Chapter 2
Page 15
i,j (1,2,3)
2.3 Indicial Notation and Summation
Convention(指标记法与求和约定)
x,y
i,j (1,2,3)
 a1 
 a11 a12 a13 
ai   a2  , aij   a21 a22 a23 
 a3 
 a3 a32 a33 
if a subscript appears twice in the same term,
then summation over that subscript from one to three
is implied(同一个下标出现两次就是暗指把这个从1到3
求和)
3
aii   aii  a11  a22  a33
i 1
3
aij b j   aij b j  ai1b1  ai 2b2  ai 3b3
j 1
Chapter 2
Page 16
2.3 Indicial Notation and Summation
Convention(指标记法与求和约定)
3
3
S   aij xi x j
S  aij xi xj
i 1 j1
S  a11 x1 x1  a12 x1 x2  a13 x1 x3 
a21 x2 x1  a22 x2 x2  a23 x2 x3 
a31 x1 x1  a32 x1 x2  a33 x1 x3
Chapter 2
Page 17
2.3 Indicial Notation and Summation
Convention(指标记法与求和约定)
Differentiation Notation(微分的记法)
Use a comma to indicate differentiation(用逗号表示微分)



  e1
 e2
 e3
x1
x2
x3
v1 v2 v3
 V 


x1 x2 x3
Chapter 2
vi

xi
Page 18
 vi ,i
2.4 Coordinate Transformation
(坐标变换)
Qij  cos( xi, x j )
e2  Q11e1  Q12 e2  Q13e3
e2  Q21e1  Q22e2  Q23e3
e3  Q31e1  Q32 e2  Q33e3
ei  Qij e j
ei  Qij ej
Chapter 2
Page 19
2.4 Coordinate Transformation
(坐标变换)
An arbitrary vector ν:
   1e1  2 e2  3e3   i ei
  1e1  2 e2  3e3   iei
 i  Qij j
 i  Qji j
Qij Qkj  ik
Chapter 2
det Qij   1
Page 20
2.4 Coordinate Transformation
(坐标变换)
Example:
1 0 3
1 
ai   4  , aij  0 2 2
 2 
3 2 4
 cos 60

Qij  cos150
 cos 90

Chapter 2
cos 30
cos 60
cos 90
12
cos 90 

cos 90    3 2
cos 0 
0
Page 21
3 2 0
12
0
0
1
2.4 Coordinate Transformation
(坐标变换)
12
ai  Qij a j   3 2
0
3 2 0 1  1 2  2 3 




1 2 0 4   2  3 2 

0
1  2  
2


3 2 0 1 0 3   1 2



ai  Qip Q jq a pq   3 2 1 2 0 0 2 2    3 2
0
0
1  3 2 4   0

 7 4
3 4
3 2 3 


 3 4
54
1  3 3 2


3
2

3
1

3
3
2
4


12
Chapter 2
Page 22
3 2 0

1 2 0
0
1 

2.5 Tensors (张量)
Chapter 2
Page 23
2.5 Tensors (张量)
Distinction between the components and the
tensor(张量分量与张量之间的关系)
Chapter 2
Page 24
2.5 Tensors (张量)
Two tensors A and B are defefined to be equal when
their respective components are equal. For
example, the condition for equality of tensors aij
and bij is that :(当两个张量对应的分量相等时,则定
义它们相等。例如:张量aij 和bij 相等的条件是)
aij  bij
Chapter 2
Page 25
2.5 Tensors (张量)
The sum or difference of two tensors is still a
tensor, also of the same order . (两个同阶张量的和
或差仍是一个张量,且同阶)
cij  aij  bij
Multiplication of a tensor by a scalar quantity
yields a tensor of the same order. (张量和标量相乘
仍为同阶张量)
bij   aij
Chapter 2
Page 26
2.5 Tensors (张量)
Consider the two tensors ai of order one and bij
of order two. We may define a new set of
quantities cijk by a process called tensor
multiplication: .(考虑两个张量,一阶张量ai,二阶
张量bij相乘,得到新张量为张量cijk )
cijk  aibjk
Chapter 2
Page 27
2.6 Kronecker Delta Symbol
(克罗内克δ符号)
1 0 0 
1, if i  j (no sum) 
 ij  
 0 1 0 
0, if i  j
0 0 1 
 ij   ji
 ii  11   22   33  3
 ij a j  ai ,  ij ai  a j
 ij a jk  aik ,  jk aik  aij
 ij aij  aii ,  ij ij  3
Chapter 2
Page 28
2.7 Alternating Symbol(交错张量)
 ijk
1 If ijk is an even permutation of 1,2,3

 1 If ijk is an odd permutation of 1,2,3
 0 otherwise

a11
a12
a13
det[ aij ]  aij  a21
a31
a22
a32
a23   ijk a1i a2 j a3k   ijk ai1a j 2 ak 3
a33
Chapter 2
Page 29
2.8 Scalar Product, Vector Product an
Triple Product (标量积矢量积和三重积)
The scalar product of vectors a and b is defined
as :(矢量a和b的标量积定义为)
b  a b cos(a , b )  ab b  ba a
a
ba
a

Chapter 2
ab
b
Page 30
2.8 Scalar Product, Vector Product an
Triple Product (标量积矢量积和三重积)
The vector product of vectors a and b is defined
as :(矢量积定义为)
Chapter 2
Page 31
2.8 Scalar Product, Vector Product an
Triple Product (标量积矢量积和三重积)
The form of Triple product (三重积)
Chapter 2
Page 32
2.9 Scalar field and vector field
(标量场和矢量场)
Gradient of a scalar field .(标量场的梯度)

Gi 
(i  1, 2,3)
xi



G  e1
 e2
 e3
 grad  
x1
x2
x3
▽ is treated as an operator .(▽作为一个算子):
  e1
Chapter 2



 e2
 e3
x1
x2
x3
Page 33
2.9 Scalar field and vector field
(标量场和矢量场)
Divergence of a vector .(矢量场的散度)
The dot product of the ▽operator with a vector
defines the divergence of that vector .(算子▽与一
个矢量的点积定义为这个矢量的散度)。
v1 v2 v3
 V  divV 


x1 x2 x3
Chapter 2
Page 34
2.9 Scalar field and vector field
(标量场和矢量场)
Curl of a vector .(矢量场的旋度)
The corss product of ▽operator and a vector is
defined as curl.(算子▽与一个矢量的叉积定义为这个
矢量的散度)
  V  curlV 
Chapter 2
e1
e2
e3

x1

x2

x3
v1
v2
v3
Page 35
2.9 Homework(作业)
1:证明
(a):δij δij=3
(b):εijk Aj Ak=0
Chapter 2
Page 36
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