INTRUDUCTION
In international trade, there are a number
of risks, which，if they occur, will involve
traders in financial 1osses, For instance
cargoes in transit may be damaged due to
breakage of packing, clash or fire etc. These
hazards, and many others, may be insured
against. Every year, a certain amount of cargo
was destroyed or damaged by perils of the sea
in transit, but whichever particular cargo it
would be it can not be anticipated.
INTRUDUCTION
• All cargo owners take the risk of
loss through the perils. However,
foreign traders can insure
themselves against many of
these risks. Based on the
principle that the fortunate helps
the unfortunate, the industry of
insurance has been developed to
overcome these financial losses.
INTRUDUCTION
• When actual losses occur,
cargos may not be recovered
physically. However, the
financial interests of the seller
and the buyer are protected by
the insurance.
保险实质
保险是一种经济补偿的手段，以概率论
和大数定律为依据收取保险费，集中具有
同一危险的多数单位的资金，建立保险金，
利用“分散危险，分摊损失”的办法，对
少数参加者（被保险人）由于特定灾害事
故所造成的损失进行经济补偿，或对人身
伤害给付保险金．
Marine
Insurance
1. instruction
• At present, according to the
different transportation methods,
there are ocean marine
transportation insurance, overland
transportation insurance, air
transportation insurance and
parcel post transportation
insurance in our country.
1. instruction
• Among all these, ocean marine
transportation insurance is mostly
and widely used in international
trade practical business. The
ocean marine transportation
insurance is also the first used
insurance and so has the longest
history among the all.
2. Definition
• Marine insurance is defined as a
contract of insurance whereby
the insurance in return for
premium collected undertakes to
indemnify the insured in a manner
（一定程度） and to the extent
thereby agreed, against marine
losses, that is to say, the losses
incidental（附属）to marine
adventure.
2. Definition
• Such insurance involving the
marine conveyance of cargo from
one country to another is, then,
marine cargo insurance, which is
seen as an indispensable adjunct
（必不可少的部分） to foreign trade.
2. Definition
• However, the term “marine
insurance” is somewhat misleading
because the contract of marine
insurance can, by agreement of the
parties of the trade, be extended so
as to protect the insured against
losses on inland waters or land
which are incidental to the sea
voyage.
3. risk, loss and coverage
• According to the loss or damage
caused by risks included in
different coverage and the
expenses involved, the insurance
company is responsible for
indemnifying the insured goods.
Obviously, risk, loss and coverage
are closely related to each other.
3. risk, loss and
coverage
• By purchasing insurance, the
assured protects interests
against three things
the risk of loss
the actual loss
the expenses incurred to
avoid or reduce loss.
Risks
海洋运输货物保险保
障的风险
海上风险
自然灾
害
意外事
故
外来风险
一般外来
风险
特殊外来
风险
1. introduction
• While the cargo traveling to
another country, it is likely to
encounter various perils which
may cause the goods to suffer
loss of one kind or another.
2. Kinds of perils
• Marine risks in connection with
cargo in transit can be classified
into two types: perils of the sea
and extraneous risks.
• Perils of the sea are caused by
natural calamities and fortuitous
accidents;
• the latter, by various extraneous
reasons, including general
extraneous risks and special
extraneous risks.
1). Perils of the sea 海上风险
• (1) Natural calamities: 自然灾害
• (2) Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故
(1)Natural calamities: 自然灾害
• They are caused by the forces
resulting from the changes of
nature, e.g., vile weather, thunder,
lightning, thunderstorm, tsunami
（海啸）, earthquake, flood, etc.
These events should be
exceptional to some extent and
ordinary action of the wind and
waves are not considered natural
calamities.
(2)Fortuitous accidents: 意外
事故
• They include accidents
resulting from unexpected
causes, the carrying
conveyance being grounded,
stranded, fire, or in collision
with floating ice or other
objects, as well as fire or
explosion.
attention
• All the perils must occur at sea
and must be because of sea;
otherwise, they are not covered
by the insurance. For example,
there is no coverage for loss
that occurs because of the
willful misconduct（故意的违法行
为） of the insured.
2). extraneous risks
• (1) general extraneous risks is
also called ordinary risks, such
as theft, pilferage, rain damage,
shortage, breakage, sweating
and heating, intermixture and
contamination, odor, hook
damage, breakage of packing,
rusting, etc.
• (2) special risks such as strike,
war, failure to deliver, etc.
Perils
Perils of
the Sea
Natural
Calamities
Fortuitous
Accidents
General ～
Extraneous
risks
Special ～
海上风险
海上风险（perils of the sea）又称海难。
一般是指船舶或货物在海上航行中发生的或
随附海上运输所发生的风险，包括自然灾害
和意外事故；
外来风险（extraneous risks）是指由于
海上风险以外的其他外来原因引起的风险，
可分为一般外来风险和特殊外来风险。
海上风险
自然灾害：不以人的意志为转移的自然界破坏
力量所引起的灾害。如恶劣气候、雷电、海
啸、地震、洪水、火山爆发、浪击落海等，
这些灾害在保险业务中都有其特定的含义。
意外事故：由于偶然的，难以预料的原因造成
的事故，如船舶搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁、
互撞或遇流冰或其他固体物体，如与码头碰
撞以及失火、爆炸等原因造成的事故。
恶劣气候：也叫暴风雨，引起船只颠簸、倾
斜造成船体、机器设备的损坏
沉没：船体的全部或大部分已经没入水面以
下，并失去继续航行的能力
搁浅：船底同海底或浅滩保持一定时间的固
定状态。
触礁：船舶在航行中，船身擦过或碰过水中
的礁石或其他障碍物仍继续前进的情况。
• 碰撞：船舶与其他船或固定的或流动的物体
猛力接触。
• 失踪：船舶在航行中失去联络，音讯全无，
达到一定时间，仍无信息。
外来风险
一般外来风险是指被保险货物在运输途中
由于偷窃提货不着、淡水雨淋、短量、玷污、
渗漏、破碎、受潮受热、串味、生锈、钩损、
包装破裂等一般外来原因所造成的风险损失。
（11种）
特殊外来风险是指由于战争、罢工、交货
不到、拒收、进口关税、舱面、黄曲霉素、
存仓火险等特殊外来原因所造成的风险损失。
（8种）
Losses
1. losses
• 1) Total loss 全部海损
• (1) Actual Total Loss: 实际全损
• (2) Constructive Total Loss: 推定
全损
2) Partial loss 部分海损
(1) General Average: 共同海损
(2) Particular average: 单独海损
1) Total loss 全部损失
• (1)
It is
classified
2 kinds:
Actual
Totalinto
Loss:
It means
that the insured subject matter
is totally and irretrievably lost不
可避免的损失.
(2)Constructive Total Loss: It is
estimated that the actual total loss
of cargo is inevitable or the cost of
salvage or recovery could have
exceed the value of the cargo.
全部损失
1. 实际全损
实际全损是指被保险货物完全灭失或完全变质，
或者货物实际上已不可能归还被保险人而言的
损失。
(1)保险标的物完全灭失。
(2)保险标的物已丧失商业价值或失去原有用
途。
(3)被永久剥夺所有权。船舶失踪，达到一定
时期，半年仍无音讯，则可视为全部灭失。
全部损失
2. 推定全损
指货物发生保险事故后，认为实际全损已经
不可避免，或者为避免发生实际全损所需支
付的费用与继续将货物运抵目的地的费用之
和超过保险价值的损失。
全部损失
在推定全损的情况下，被保险人获得的损失
赔偿有两种情况：一种是被保险人获得全损
的赔偿；另一种是被保险人获得部分损失的
赔偿。
若想获得全损的赔偿，被保险人必须无条件
地把保险货物委付给保险人。（提出委付）
委付(Abandonment)
委付(Abandonment)是指被保险人在保险
标的处于推定全损状态时，向保险人声明愿
意将保险标的的一切权益，包括财产权及一
切由此而产生的权利与义务转化给保险人，
而要求保险人按全损给予赔偿的一种行为。
若被保险人不办理委付而保留对残余货物的
所有权，则保险人将按部分损失予以赔偿。
保险人有权决定是否接受。但不管是否接受
都得全部赔偿。
2) Partial loss 部分海损
• (1) Particular average: 单独海损
• (2) General Average: 共同海损
average
• The word average has a special
meaning in cargo insurance, It
means partial loss or non-total
loss to a ship or cargo. partial
loss in turn means:
• 1) total loss of part of the
insured cargo or; 2) damage of
or the part of the insured cargo.
(1) Particular average
• It means that a particular cargo
is damaged by any cause and
the degree of the damage does
not reach a total loss, i.e., only
a partial loss, which shall be
borne by the owner of this
individual consignment.
(2) General Average:
• It refers to a certain special
sacrifice and extra expense
intentionally incurred for the
general interests of the ship
owner, the insurer, and the
owners of the various cargoes
abroad the ship.
• In another word, A general
average must be a partial,
deliberate and reasonable
sacrifice of the ship, freight, or
goods, undertaken for the
common safety of the adventure
in time of peril and /or
extraordinary expenditure(临时费用)
with the like object such as the
charge for towing a stranded ship.
DIFFERENCE1
• Particular average means a loss
that is borne solely by the
owner of the lost property (ship
or cargo)
• general average means a
sacrifice made for the common
safety of both the cargo and the
ship.
for instance
• Partial damage of cargo by sea
water is a particular average.
• partial damage of cargo by water
that has been used to put out a
fire is general average since the
damage has been made in order to
save both the ship and the cargo
on board the ship of all the cargo
owners, (Of course, the damage
caused by the fire is still a
particular average.)
DIFFERENCE2
• Particular average is recoverable
from the insurance underwriter if
it has been covered;
• general average is spread among
the interests affected and all
including owners whose property
doe not sustain a loss must make
proportionate contributions, which
are then recoverable from the
insurance underwriter.
案例分析
• 1.船长认为装有树脂的货仓内冒烟便认为是
有火情，于是命令灌注蒸汽进船，但是船到
目的地后发现舱内并没有着火的迹象，由蒸
汽造成的损失是否属于共同海损？
• 2.某船触礁后严重渗漏，船方决定立即进坞
修理，但潮水并不适宜立即进坞，因为可能
会造成码头的损坏。但后来船方为了摆脱沉
没的危险不得不强制进码头，最后造成了码
头的损坏，这是否属于共同海损？
案例分析
• 3.某船因为事故造成螺旋桨损坏，为了修船，
船不得不倾斜其位置，船上不少冷藏货，因
为岸上没有冷库，无法卸岸后再修船，由于
船体倾斜造成货物积压损坏。这种损坏是否
属于共同海损？
部分损失
• 单独海损是指除共同海损以外的意外损失，
即由于承保范围内的风险所直接导致的船舶
或货物的部分损失。该损失仅由各受损者单
独负担。这种损失只是使该公司一家的利益
遭受影响，跟同船所装的其它货物的货主和
船东利益并没有什么关系，因而就属于单独
海损。
部分损失
• 2、共同海损
• 共同海损是指载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害或
者意外事故，威胁到船、货等各方的共同安
全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，或
者使航程得以继续完成，由船方有意识地、
合理地采取措施，所作出的某些特殊牺牲或
支出某些额外费用，这些损失和费用叫共同
海损。
部分损失
• 构成共同海损须具备以下条件：
• 共同海损的危险必须是实际存在的，或者是
不可避免地产生的，而不是主观臆测的；
• 必须是主动有意采取的行为；
• 必须是为船货共同安全而采取谨慎的合理的
措施；
• 必须是属非常性质的损失。
常见共同海损的类型
• 1.为船货共同安全，减轻船重，防止船舶沉
没，将部分货物或船舶设备抛入海中；
• 2.为急于抛弃货物，在船边或舱面开凿洞口，
使船身、甲板等遭受的损失；
• 3.为扑灭船上火灾，灌浇海水、淡水或化学
灭火剂造成船或货的损失；
常见共同海损的类型
• 4.采取紧急的人为搁浅措施造成船或货的损
失；
• 5.为使船舶搁浅后能重新起浮，过度开动船
上机器造成机器损坏。
• 6.船舶遇到意外事故后支付其他船的救助报
酬。
部分损失
• 共同海损和单独海损的区别：
• 1.造成海损的原因有别。单独海损是承保风
险所直接导致的船货损失；共同海损则不是
承保风险所直接导致的损失，而是为了解除
船、货共同危险有意采取合理措施而造成的
损失。
• 2.损失的承担责任有别。单独海损由受损方
自行承担；而共同海损，则应由各受益方按
照受益大小的比例共同分摊。
共同海损案例
某船舶在航行中发生共同海损，船舶外侧钢
板受损约12万元，货物发生共同海损牺牲为
20万元，共同海损支付的费用共为3万元，
承运人的损失为5万元，各方的分摊价值分
别为：
船舶：1000万元
货主A :180万元
货主B： 200万元
货主C： 200万元
运费： 20万元
首先计算共同海损损失占共同海损分摊价值的
比例，称为共同海损百分比。即：
共同海损百分比=共同海损损失总额/共同海损
分摊价值总和X100%
船舶共同海损分摊金额=船舶共同海损分摊价值
X共同海损百分比
货物共同海损分摊金额=货物共同海损分摊价值
X共同海损百分比
运费共同海损分摊金额=运费共同海损分摊价值
X共同海损百分比
计算
• 共同海损损失总额=12+20+3+5=40万元
• 共同海损分摊价值总和
=1000+150+200+200+20=1600万元
• 共同海损百分比=40/1600*100%=2.5%
• 各方分摊金额为：
• 船方分摊金额为：1000*2.5%=25万元
• 货主A ：180*2.5%=4.5万元
• 货主B ：200*2.5%=5万元
• 货主C ：200*2.5%=5万元
• 承运人 ： 20*2.5%=0.5万元
Losses sustained by the insured
because of the risks come from not
only the loss of the goods or the
damage done to the goods, but also
from the expenses the insured
sustained in rescuing the goods in
danger. Transportation insurance not
only insures the losses caused by
risks but also the losses of expenses.
2. Maritime charges--Expense
1) introduction
• Ocean marine cargo insurance
also covers some expenses
incurred in reducing the subject
matter insured either by the
assured himself or a party other
than the insurance and/or the
assured. This is intended to
encourage efforts to save the
subject matter insured.
2) Kinds of Expenses
Sue and labor expenses
施救费用
Expenses
Salvage charges
救助费用
(1)Sue and labor charges: It
shall be covered by the
insurer.
• (2)Salvage charges: According
to the relative laws, the insurer
shall pay to the salvor. But there
is a principle, i.e., “no cure-no
pay”.
费用
1、施救费用（sue and labour
expenses） 系指保险标的在遭遇保
险责任范围内的灾害事故时，被保险人
或其代理人、雇佣人员和保险单受让人
对保险标的所采取的各种抢救、防止或
减少货损的措施而支出的合理费用。
费用
2、救助费用（salvage charges）
是指保险标的遭遇保险责任范围内的灾
害事故时，由保险人和被保险人以外的
第三者采取了救助措施并获得成功而向
其支付的报酬，保险人对这种费用也负
责赔偿。
3.施救费用和救助费用的区别
• 1）采取行为的主体不同：施救是由被保险
人及其代理人等采取的行为，而救助是保险
人和被保险人以外的第三者进行的。
• 2）给付报酬的原则不同：施救费用是施救
不论有无效果，都予赔偿，而救助则是“无
效果、无报酬”。
• 3）保险人的赔偿责任不同：施救费用可在
保险货物本身的保额以外，再赔一个保额；
而保险人对救助费用的赔偿责任是以不超过
获救财产的价值为限。
summary: 海上损失与费用
损
失
费
用
全部损失
部分损失
实际全损（actual total loss ）
推定全损（constructive total loss）
单独海损（particular average）
共同海损（general average）
施救费用（sue and labor expenses）
救助费用（salvage charges）
海运货物保险承保范围全图
承保范围
风险
海上风险
损失
外来风险
全部损失
费用
部分损失 施救费用 救助费用
自然灾害
一般
外来风险
实际全损
共同海损
意外事故
特殊
外来风险
推定全损
单独海损
COVERAGE
COVERAGE
• 1. China Insurance Clauses (CIC)
我国海运货物保险条款
• 2. Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC)
伦敦货物协会保险条款
1. China Insurance Clauses
(CIC)我国海运货物保险条款
• China Insurance Clauses were
made effective January
1,1981and are now offered by
PICC Property and Casualty
Company Limited. They are the
most commonly used insurance
clauses in China.
1. (CIC) Insurance coverage
• 1) Basic Insurance Coverage：FPA，
WPA，and AR
• 2) Additional Insurance Coverage
• 3) warehouse to warehouse
• 4) exclusion of CIC
中国海洋运输货物保险
我国国际货物运输保险主要采用中国人民
保险公司（The People’s Insurance of
China, PICC）制订的保险条款（China
Insurance Clauses ,简称C.I.C.）
基本险别
平安险（FPA）
水渍险（WPA/WA）
一切险（AR）
附加险别
一般附加险
特殊附加险
1) Basic risks-- FPA (Free from
particular average平安险)
• Free from Particular Average
means no partial loss or
damage is recoverable. It
provides coverage only for
general average and total loss
of cargo together with ship or
aircraft.
1) Basic risks-- FPA (Free from
particular
average平安险)
First,
if the lost
object is a
separate package in a shipment
•such
FPA is
asthe
oneminimum
case outcoverage
of a ten- and
offers
limited protection.
case
shipment,
partial lossHowever,
or
there are
exceptions in which
damage
is two
recoverable.
partial
loss
or damage
is is
And
if the
vessel
or craft
recoverable.
stranded,
sunk or burnt, partial
loss or damage is also
recoverable. Therefore FPA
actually covers some partial
losses.
• ⑴.本例中的被保险货物，在航行中连续遇到了两次损
失，第一次损失发生于5月3日，是自然灾害造成的。
按平安险条款，在一般情况下，对于自然灾害造成的
这种部分损失是不负赔偿责任的。但本例情况，在5月
3日发生自然灾害而使货物受到部分损失后，又于5月
8日发生了船舶触礁的事故，按平安险的责任范围规定，
在这种特殊情况下，自然灾害造成的部分损失，保险
公司也负责赔偿。而意外事故造成的部分损失，保险
公司也是负责的。因此，保险公司对本例所发生的损
失均应负责赔偿。
•
⑵.赔偿金额＝（1000元＋2000元）×110％＝
3300元。
• FPA=海上风险引起的（全部海损+共同
海损损失）+意外事故引起的单独海损
• 备注：海上风险包括自然灾害和意外事
故
1) Basic risks-- WA/WPA (With
Average/With Particular
Average 水渍险)
• WA provides cover against all
loss or damage due to perils of
the sea including partial loss or
damage throughout the duration
of the policy.
• This coverage provides
protection against damage from
sea water caused by “heavy
weather”.
1) Basic risks-- WA/WPA (With
Average/With Particular
Average 水渍险)
• It covers partial loss due to vile
weather, lightning, tsunami,
earthquake and/or flood as well
as the risks covered under F.P.A.
condition as mentioned above.
• 水渍险=自然灾害引起的单独海损+FPA
1) Basic risks—A.R (All
risks: 一切险)
• Aside from the risks covered
under the F.P.A. and W.A.
conditions as above, this
insurance also covers all risks
of losses or damage to the
insured goods whether partial
or total, arising from external
causes in the course of transit
1) Basic risks-- A.R
• However, risks of war, strike
and loss or damage or expense
proximately caused by delay or
inherent vice or nature of the
subject matter insured are not
covered.
一、基本险——平安险
free from particular average , F. P.
A.
1.由于自然灾害所造成的整批货物的全部损失。
2.由于运输工具搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞，与
流冰或其它物体碰撞以及失火爆炸等意外事
故所造成的货物全部或部分损失。
3.上述（2.）情况下，货物在此前后又在海上
遭受自然灾害所造成的部分损失。
4.在装卸或转运时，一件或数件货物落海所造
成的全部损失和部分损失。
一、基本险——平安险
free from particular average , F. P.
A.
5.被保险人采取抢救、防止或减少承保责任内
货损的措施而支付合理费用。
6.运输工具遭受海难后，在中途港或避难港停
靠，由于卸货、装货、存仓以及运送货物所
造成的特别费用。
7.发生共同海损所引起牺牲、分摊和救助费用；
8.根据运输契约中订有“船舶互撞责任”条款，
规定应由货方偿还船方的损失。
一、基本险——水渍险
with particular average , W. P.
A.
• 水渍险英文原意是指单独海损负责赔偿。
• 目前，水渍险的责任范围，除包括上列
“平安险”的各项责任外，还负责被保
险货物由于恶劣气候、雷电 、海啸、地
震、洪水等自然灾害所造成的部分损失。
一、基本险——一切险
all risk A.R
一切险的责任范围除包括“平安险”和
“水渍险”的所有责任外，还包括货物
在运输过程中，因一般外来原因所造成
的被保险货物的全损或部分损失。
实际上，一切险是平安险，水渍险以及
一般附加险的总和。
一、基本险——总结
• 平安险承保：自然灾害引起的全部损失+意
外事故造成的全部或部分损失
• 水渍险承保：自然灾害引起的全部或部分损
失+意外事故造成的全部或部分损失
• 一切险承保：自然灾害引起的全部或部分损
失+意外事故引起的全部或部分损失+一般外
来原因引起的损失（11种）
• 保险责任范围比较：
• 一切险 > 水渍险 > 平安险
2) Additional Insurance
Coverage 附加险别
• (1) General Additional Insurance
Coverage一般附加险
• (2) Special Additional Risk特殊附加险
(1) General Additional Insurance
Coverage一般附加险
• 偷窃提货不着险（Theft, Pilferage and
Non-Delivery: TPND）
• 淡水雨淋险（Fresh Water and Rain
Damage）
• 渗漏险（Risk of Leakage）
• 短量险（Risk of Shortage）
• 钩损险（Hook Damage）
(1) General Additional Insurance
Coverage一般附加险---11种
• 污染险（Risk of Contamination）
• 碰损破碎险（Risk of Clash and
Breakage）
• 生锈险（Risk of Rust）
• 串味险（Risk of Odor）
• 受潮受热险（Damage Caused by
Heating and Sweating)
Pay attention to：
No additional risk can be
purchased to insure goods
independently. Since the scope
of cover of general additional
risks is already included into
that of All Risks, it is not
necessary for the goods to be
insured by additional risks if it
is insured by All Risks.
(2) Special Additional Risk
特殊附加险
• Special additional risk differs
from general addition risk in that
the former covers loss or damage
caused by some special
extraneous reasons such as
politics, law, regulations and war.
On the other hand, like general
additional risk, special additional
risks can not be used to insure
goods alone either.
(2) Special Additional Risk
特殊附加险
•
•
•
•
•
•
*War Risk
*Strike Risk
*On deck risk
*Import duty risk clause
*Rejection risk
*Aflatoxin risk
(2) Special Additional Risk
特殊附加险
• *Failure to delivery clause
• *Ocean Marine Cargo War Risk
• *Fire Risk Extension Clause for
Storage of Cargo at destination
HongKong, including Kowloon or
Macao
保险案例１
我某公司按CIF条件向中东某国出口一
批货物，根据合同投保了“水渍险”附加
“偷窃、提货不着险”。但在海运途中，因
两伊战起船被扣押，而后进口商因提货不着
便向我保险公司进行索赔，我保险公司认为
不属于保险范围，不予赔偿，是否合理？
保险案例２
我某纺织品公司向澳大利亚出口
坯布100包，我方按合同规定投保水
渍险，货在海运中因舱内食用水管
破裂，致使该批坯布中30包浸有水
渍。但保险公司拒绝赔偿。
保险案例３
我某出口公司按CIF条件成交货物一
批向中国人民保险公司投保了“水渍险”，
货物在转船过程中遇到大雨，货到目的港
后，收货人发现有明显的雨水侵渍，损失
达70%，因而向我方提出索赔，我方能接
受吗？
保险案例４
在80年代，有一进口商同国外买方达成一项
交易，合同约定的价格条件为CIF，当时正值海
湾地区爆发战争，装有出口货物的轮船在公海
上航行时，被一发导弹误中而沉。由于在投保
时，没有加保战争险，不能取得保险公司的赔
偿。买方为此向卖方提出索赔，理由是，卖方
明知海湾有战事公海上不平安，而没有投保战
争险，致使买方利益受损。
保险案例５
某出口公司以CIF条件向南美某国出口
花生酥糖1000箱，投保一切险。由于货轮
陈旧、航速太慢且沿线到处揽货，结果航行
3个月才到达目的港。花生酥糖因受热时间
过长而全部软化，难以销售。保险公司对此
是否负责赔偿？
案例分析6
• 某公司出口某货物，投保一切险加战争
险，该船抵达目的港开始卸货时，当地
发生武装冲突，部分船上货物及部分已
卸到岸上的货物被毁。问：保险公司如
何赔偿？
二、附加险
• 附加险是不能单独承保的险别。它必须
依附于基本险项下，即只有投保基本险
其中的一种之后，才可加保附加险。
• 目前，我国海运货物保险的附加险有一
般附加险、特殊附加险及特别附加险。
二、附加险—一般附加险(11种)
（General Additional Risk）
承担一般外来风险所造成的损失，不能
独立投保。

1. T.P.N.D (Theft, Pilferge and NonDelivery 偷窃、提货不着险)
保险有效期内，被保险货物被偷走或窃
走，以及货物运抵目的港后，货物的全部或
整件未交的损失，由保险公司负责赔偿。
二、附加险—一般附加险(11
种)
2.R.F.W.D (Fresh Water Rain
Damage 淡水雨淋险）
货物运输中，由于淡水、雨水以及冰雪
融化所造成的损失，保险公司都应负责
赔偿。淡水包括船上淡水舱、水管漏水
以及舱汗。
 3.Risks of Shortage （短量险）
因包装破裂或散装货物发生数量散失

二、附加险—一般附加险(11
种)


4.Inter-Mixture &
Contamination Risks （混杂、沾
污险) 承保后物在运输过程中混进杂质
所造成的损失
5.Leakage Risks （渗漏险）
流质、半流质的液体物质和油类物质在
运输过程中因为容器损坏而引起的渗漏
损失
二、附加险—一般附加险(11
种)



6.Clash & Breakage Risk （破损、破
碎险）指保险人承保货物碰损和破碎的损失
7.Taint of Odour Risks（串味险）指承
保货物在运输途中因受其它/带异味货物的影
响而造成的串味的损失
8.Sweating & Heating Risk （受潮受
热险）
指承保货物在运输途中因受气温变化或水蒸
气的影响而使货物发生变质的损失
二、附加险—一般附加险(11种)



9.Hook Damage Risks （钩损险）
被保险货物在装卸过程中因为使用手钩、吊
钩等工具所造成的损失
10.Rust Risk （锈损险）
保险公司承保货物在运输过程中因为生锈造
成的损失
11.Breakage of Packing Risks （包
装破损险）保险人承保因包装破裂造成货物
短少、沾污等损失
二、附加险—特殊附加险
（Special Additional Risk）
主要承担特殊外来风险所造成的损失
1.战争险
2.罢工险
3.黄曲霉素险
4.交货不到险
5.舱面险
6.进口关税险
7.拒收险
8.货物出口到香港（包括九龙）或澳
门存仓火险责任扩展条款
二、附加险—特殊附加险
1.海上货物运输罢工险
保险人承保被保险货物因罢工等人为活动造
成损失的特殊附加险。
我国保险人对罢工险的保险责任范围包括：
①罢工者、被迫停工工人或参加工潮暴动、
民众斗争的人员的行动所造成的直接损失；
②任何人的敌意行动所造成的直接损失；③
因上述行动或行为引起的共同海损的牺牲、
分摊和救助费用。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
1.海上货物运输罢工险
• 海洋运输货物罢工险以罢工引起的间
接损失为除外责任，即在罢工期间由
于劳动力短缺或不能运输所致被保险
货物的损失，或因罢工引起动力或燃
料缺乏使冷藏机停止工作所致冷藏货
物的损失。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
2.海上货物运输战争险
1）定义
保险人承保战争或类似战争行为导致的货物
损失的特殊附加险。被保险人必须投保货运
基本险之后，才能经特别约定投保战争险。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
2.海上货物运输战争险 （保险责任）
2）战争险的保险责任包括：
①直接由于战争、类似战争行为和敌对行为、
武装冲突或海盗行为所致的损失。
②由于上述原因所引起的捕获、拘留、扣留、
禁制、扣押所造成的损失。
③各种常规武器，包括水雷、鱼雷、炸弹所
致的损失。
④由于上述原因所引起的共同海损的牺牲、
分摊和救助费用。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
2.海上货物运输战争险 （除外责任）
• 3）除外责任包括：
• ①由于敌对行为使用原予或热核制造的武
器 ( 如原子弹、氢弹等 ) 所致的损失和
费用；
• ②根据执政者、当权者，或其他武装集团
的扣押、拘留引起的承保航程的丧失和挫
折而提出的任何索赔。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
3.交货不到险
• 自被保险货物装上船舶时开始，在 6 个月内
不能运到原定目的地交货。不论何种原因造
成交货不到，保险人都按全部损失予以赔偿.
• 被保险人应将货物的全部权益转移给保险人，
因为造成交货不到的原因并非运输上的，而
是某些政治原因 ( 如被另一国在中途港强迫
卸货等 ) ，所以，被保险人在投保该险别时
必须获得进口货物所有的一切许可手续，否
则投保该险是无效的。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
3.交货不到险
• 该附加险与提货不着险和战争险所承
保责任范围有重叠处，故人保在条款
中规定，提货不着险和战争险项下所
承担的责任，不在交货不到险的保险
责任范围之内。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
3.进口关税险


被保险货物受损后，仍得在目的港按完好
货物交纳进口关税而造成相应货损部分的
关税损失。
保险人对此承担赔偿责任的条件是货物遭
受的损失必须是保险单承保责任范围内的
原因造成的。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
3.进口关税险


进口关税险的保险金额度根据本国进口税率
确定，并与货物的保险金额分开，在保险单
上另行列出。而保险人在损失发生后，对关
税损失部分的赔付以该保险金额为限。
投保进口关税险，往往是针对某些国家规定，
进口货物不论是否短少、残损均需按完好价
值纳税而适用的。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
4.舱面货物险
有些货物因体积大或有毒性或有污染性或根据航运
习惯必须装载于舱面，为对这类货物的损失提供保
险保障，可以加保舱面货物险。承保装载于舱面的
货物被抛弃或海浪冲击落水所致的损失。
加保该附加险后，保险人除了按基本险责任范围承
担保险责任外，还要依舱面货物险对舱面货物被抛
弃或风浪冲击落水的损失予以赔偿。由于舱面货物
处于暴露状态，易受损害，保险人通常只是在“平
安险”的基础上加保舱面货物险，以免责任过大。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
5.拒收险
当被保险货物出于各种原因，在进口港被
进口国政府或有关当局拒绝进口或没收而产
生损失时，保险人依拒收险对此承担赔偿责
任。
投保拒收险的条件是被保险人在投保时必须
持有进口所需的一切手续 ( 特许证或许可
证或进口限额 ) 。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
5.拒收险
如果被保险货物在起运后至抵达
进口港之前的期间内，进口国宣
布禁运或禁止进口的，保险人只
负责赔偿将该货物运回出口国或
转口到其他目的地所增加的运费，
且以该货物的保险金额为限。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
5.拒收险
被保险人所投保的货物在生产、质量、
包装、商品检验等方面，必须符合产地
国和进口国的有关规定。如果因被保险
货物的记载错误、商标或生产标志错误、
贸易合同或其他文件存在错误或遗漏、
违反产地国政府或有关当局关于出口货
物规定而引起的损失，保险人概不承担
保险责任。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
6.黄曲霉素险
承保被保险货物 ( 主要是花生 ) 在进口
港或进口地经卫生当局检验证明，其所含黄
曲霉素超过进口国限制标准，而被拒绝进口、
没收或强制改变用途所造成的损失。按该险
条款规定，经保险人要求，被保险人有责任
处理被拒绝进口或强制改变用途的货物或者
申请仲裁。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
6.出口货物到香港 ( 包括九龙 ) 或是澳门
存仓火险责任扩展条款
对于被保险货物自内地出口运抵香港 ( 包括
九龙 ) 或澳门，卸离运输工具，直接存放于
保险单载明的过户银行所指定的仓库期间发
生火灾所受的损失，承担赔偿责任。
• 该附加险是一种保障过户银行权益的险种。
因为，货物通过银行办理押汇，在货主未向
银行归还贷款前，货物的权益属于银行，所
以，在该保险单上必须注明过户给放款银行。
二、附加险—特殊附加险
6.出口货物到香港 ( 包括九龙 ) 或是澳
门存仓火险责任扩展条款
• 货物在此期间到达目的港的，收货人无法提
货，必须存入过户银行指定的仓库。从而，
保险单附加该险条款的保险人承担火险责任。
• 该附加险的保险期限，自被保险货物运入过
户银行指定的仓库之时起，至过户银行解除
货物权益之时，或者运输责任终止时起满
30 天时止。若被保险人在保险期限届满前
向保险人书面申请延期的，在加缴所需保险
费后可以继续延长。
3)责任起讫范围
Basic Insurance
W / W Clause
（仓至仓条款）
General Additional
Risk
Special
Additional Risk
Strike Risks
War Risks
水面危险
或运输工
具上危险
三、承保责任起讫期限（基本险）
1.采用“仓至仓条款”；
2.当货物从目的港的海轮卸离时起满 60天为限，
既不论被保险货物是否进入收货人仓库，保险
责任均告终止；
3.在保险期内被保险货物转运到非保险单所载明
的目的地时，则以该项货物开始运转时终止；
4.当货物在运至载明的目的港之前的某一仓库发
生分配、分派情况，则保险责任在货物运抵该
仓库终止。
“仓对仓条款”Warehouse to
Warehouse Clause，W/W）
保险公司对保险货物所承担的保险责任，从
运离保险单所载明的起运港（地）的发货人
仓库开始，一直到货物到达保险单所载明的
目的港（地）收货人仓库为止。（在仓库发
生的损失概不负责）
“运离”：保险货物一经离开发货人仓库，
保
险责任即为开始；
“到达”：保险货物一经进入收货人仓库，
保
三、承保责任起讫期限（基本险）
• 战争险的责任起讫与基本险的责任起讫不同，
它不采用仓至仓条款。战争险的承保期限仅限
于水上危险或运输工具上的危险。（水至水）
• 1、海运战争险规定自保险单所载明的起运港
装上海轮或驳船时开始，直到保险单所载明的
目的港卸离海轮或驳船时为止。
• 2、若货物不卸离海轮或驳船，则保险责任最
长延至货物到目的港之当日午夜起算15天为止。
三、承保责任起讫期限（基本险）
• 3、如在中途港转船，则不论货物在当地
卸载与否，保险责任以海轮到达该港或
卸货地点的当日午夜起算满15天为止，
待再装上续运的海轮时，保险人仍继续
负责。
• 罢工险与基本险一样，加保罢工险不另
外收费
案例
• 我方以CFR贸易术语出口货物一批，在
从出口公司仓库运到待运码头过程中，
货物发生损失，该项损失应由何方负责？
如买方已经向保险公司办理了保险，保
险公司对该项损失是否给予赔偿？
案例
• 某轮载货后，在航行中不慎发生搁浅，事后
反复开倒车，强行起浮，但船上轮机受损且
船底划破，致使海水渗入货仓，造成船货部
分损失。该船行驶到邻近的一港口码头修理，
暂时卸下大部分货物，前后花去10天时间，
增加支出各项费用，包括船员工资。当船修
复后装上原货物启航后不久，A舱起火，船
长下令对该舱灌水灭火。A舱载有文具、茶
叶等，灭火后发现文具用品一部分被烧毁，
另一部分文具和全部茶叶被水浸湿。试说明
以上各项损失的性质，并指出在投保何种险
别情况下，保险公司才负责赔偿。
4) Exclusions of insurance
policy
• CIC insurance policies have some
exclusions including loss or damage
caused by the intentional act or fault of
the assured, loss or damage falling
under the liability of the consignor, loss
or damage arising from the inferior
quality or shortage of the insured
goods prior to the insured goods, loss
of market and/or delay in transit and
any expenses arising therefrom.
四、除外责任
1、被保险人的故意或过失所造成的损失。
2、属于发货人责任所引起的损失。
3、在保险责任开始前，被保险货物已存在的
品质不或数量短差所造成的损失。
4、被保险货物的自然损耗、本质和特性缺陷
以及市价跌落、运输延迟所造成的损失或费用。
5、战争险和罢工险条款规定的除外责任。
Introduction of the insurance
coverage of marine cargo transport
Basic risks
F.P.A
W.P.A
additional risks
responsibilities
and
time limit
of insurance
All risks
General
additional risks
Special
additional risks
the exclusion of
basic coverage
2. Institute Cargo Clauses
(ICC) 伦敦货物协会保险条款
• Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC)
was first made in 1912 by the
Institute of London
Underwriters.
• The newly revision came into
effect on January 1, 1982 and
are widely used around the
world. There are three main
clauses.
Coverage of ICC
•
•
•
•
•
•
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Institute Cargo Clause A;
Institute Cargo Clause B;
Institute Cargo Clause C;
Institute War Clause-Cargo;
Institute Strike Clause-Cargo;
Malicious Damage Clause;
伦敦保险协会
海运货物保险条款（ICC）
• 协会货物条款（A）——ICC（A）
• 协会货物条款（B）——ICC（B）
•除恶意损害
• 协会货物条款（C）——ICC（C）
险外，其余5
# 协会战争险条款（货物） 种均可单独
投保。
说明：前三项可以独立投保；第四、五项征得
# 协会罢工险条款（货物）
保险人的同意也可单独投保；
* 恶意损害险条款
第六项只能作为附加险别投保。
补充资料：
伦敦保险协会海运货物保险条款（ICC）
与我国（CIC）的不同点：
• 主要的险别用字母表示
• 险别的排列是由大到小
• 战争险和罢工险可以单独投保
• 承保的风险范围采用列明风险和除外责任的
方式
(1) ICC(A)
• (1) ICC (A) provides cover
against all risks of loss of or
damage to the subject-matter
insured with certain exclusions,
which include
• * Ordinary leakage, ordinary
loss in weight or volume, or
ordinary wear and tear of the
subject-matter insured; and
(1) ICC(A)
• * Loss, damage or expense
attributable by:
• < Willful misconduct of the
assured,
• < Insufficiency or unsuitability
of packing or preparation of the
subject-matter insured,
• < Inherent vice or nature of the
subject-matter insured,
(1) ICC(A)
• < Delay even though the delay be
caused by a risk insured against,
• < Insolvency or financial default
of the owners, managers,
charterers, or operators of the
vessel, and
• < The use of any weapon of war
employing atomic or nuclear
fission and/ or fusion or other like
reaction or radioactive force or
matter.
(1) ICC(A)
• In addition, ICC(A) does not cover
loss, damage or expense caused
by war, strike or the
unseaworthiness of vessel or
craft and unfitness of vessel,
craft, conveyance, container or
lift van for the safe carriage of
the subject-matter insured, where
the assured or their servants are
privy to such unseaworthiness or
unfitness at the time the subjectmatter insured is loaded therein.
ICC（A）险对承保风险的规定
ICC（A）险条款对承保风险的规定采用“一
切风险减除外责任”的方式:
承保除“除外责任”各条款规定以外的一切
风险所造成保险标的的损失。
共同海损条款
船舶互撞责任条款
ICC（A）险条款除外责任有四类：
1）一般除外责任；2）不适航、不适货除外责任；
3）战争除外责任; 4）罢工除外责任;
(2) ICC(B)
•* The loss of or damage to the
•subject-matter
ICC(B) covers insured
risks that
are
attributable
listed subject
to craft
tospecifically
fire or explosion,
vessel or
certain
exclusions
similar
to or
being
stranded
grounded
sunk
what areoverturning
not coveredor
under
capsized,
derailment
of land
conveyance,
ICC(A). These
risks
include:
collision or contact of vessel craft
or conveyance with any external
object other than water, discharge
of cargo at a port of distress;
(2) ICC(B)
• * The loss of or damage to the
subject-matter insured caused by
general average sacrifice,
jettison or washing overboard,
entry of sea, lake or river water
•*into
total
loss
of
any
package
lost
vessel craft hold conveyance
overboard or dropped whilst
container
lift
van
or
place
of
loading on to, or unloading from,
storage;
and
vessel
or craft.
（B）险条款对承保风险的规定
“列明风险”
1.火灾、爆炸；
7.抛货；
2.船舶或驳船触礁、搁浅、 8.地震、火山爆发、雷电；
沉没或倾覆；
9.浪击落海；
3.陆上运输工具倾覆或出轨； 10.海水、湖水或河水进
4.船舶、驳船或运输工具同
入船舶、驳船、运输工
除水以外的任何外界物体
具、集装箱、大型海运
碰撞；
箱或储存处所；
5.在避难港卸货；
11.货物在装卸时落海或
跌落造成整件的全损。
6.共同海损牺牲；
除外责任：
（A）险的除外责任 +
海盗行为恶意损害险责任。
(3) ICC(C)
Loss also
of orcovers
damage
to the
• •*
ICC(C)
risks
that are
subject-matter
insured
specifically listed
subject to
reasonably attributable to fire
certain exclusions similar to
or explosion, vessel or craft
what
are
not
covered
under
being stranded grounded sunk
ICC(A).These
risks include:
or
capsized, overturning
or
derailment of land conveyance
with any external object other
than water, discharge of cargo
at a port of distress; and
(3) ICC(C)
• * Loss of or damage to the
subject-matter insured caused
by general average sacrifice,
jettison.
ICC（C）险条款对承保风险的规定
“列明风险”
1.火灾、爆炸；
2.船舶或驳船触礁、搁浅、沉没或倾覆；
3.陆上运输工具倾覆或出轨；
4.船舶、驳船或运输工具同除水以外的任何外界
物体碰撞；
5.在避难港卸货；
6.共同海损牺牲；
7.抛货 。
（C）险的除外责任与（B）险的除外责任完全相同。
COMPARE ICC(A) WITH
ICC(B) and (C)
While ICC(A) provides cover
against all risks subject to
certain exclusions, ICC(B) and
(C) provide cover only against
specified risks.
Compare ICC WITH CIC
• ICC also provides coverage
against war risks, strike and
other risks; however, unlike CIC,
ICC war risks and strikes can be
taken out independently.
similarities OF ICC &
CIC
Despite some differences in both
the coverage and the exclusion,
CIC and ICC in principle share
many similarities. For example,
FPA and ICC(B), and AR and ICC(A)
are quite similar to each other in
the risks covered.
Basic Risk
ICC（C）
F.P.A.
ICC（B）
W.P.A.
ICC（A）
Additional Risk
A.R.
Fundamental Principles
of Cargo Insurance
principles of insurable （可保利益）
principles of utmost good faith
（最大诚信原则）
principles of indemnity （补偿原则）
principles of proximate cause
（近因原则）
principles of subrogation
（代位追偿原则）
重复保险分摊原则
1. Insurable interest
• Insurable means the person
insuring must have the absolute
ownership of the subject matter
insured.
• Interest, means that the person
insuring must be the one who
stands to bear some financial
loss if risk materializes.
1. Insurable interest
• A person as the title holder is
deemed to have an insurable
If
a person
does
not possess
interest
in the
goods
when the
the
or he will
lossownership
of or the damage
to not
the
suffer
anythe
financial
goods from
causes
owner loss,
of the
he
will to
have
no insurable
goods
suffers
a loss, fails to
interest
in expected
the subject
matter
realize an
profit,
or
and
willliability
not be from
giventhe
theloss or
incurs
coverage.
damage.
1. Insurable interest
• Insurable interest will be
transferred from the seller to the
buyer in international trade.
Since an insurance claim must be
filed
with
the
insurance
policy or
the
time
the
insurable
interest
certificate
and
the
supporting
transfers
from
the
seller
to the
documents
proof
the
buyer
is, the as
time
the that
seller
goods
have
been
insured
and
that
endorses the specific insurance
the claimant has the insurable
policy
or
certificate
to
the
buyer.
interest in the goods.
1、可保利益原则
（1）必须是合法的利益，不属于不正当
获得
（2）必须是一种确定的可以实现的利益
（3）必须是用货币可以计算的经济利益，
而非恢复原样或物质补偿
2. Utmost good faith
• This principle requires both the
assured and insurer to deal with
each other with the highest
standard of honesty.
案例分析
• 被保险人投保了一批罐头的一切险，保
单上写明了所有的罐头必须打上出厂日
期的号码。但实际上许多罐头并没有这
种号码，被保险人后来发现部分罐头气
胖，向保险公司提出索赔但是被拒绝，
为什么？
2、最大诚信原则
• （1）告知：
• 无意误告，出险后，保险人退还保费，但不
给承保风险；有意误告，出险后，不退换保
费，也不承保风险，
（2）陈述
（3）保证
不管保证的事情大或小，都必须要做到，否
则保险公司都会因此宣告保险合同无效
3. Indemnity
• This concept is concerned with
the value of compensation.
• Cargo insurance is a contract of
indemnity, that is, to
compensate for the loss or
damage in terms of the value of
the insured goods.
3. Indemnity
• It is the principle that assured
cannot recover more than his
actual loss as the objective目标 of
insurance is only to provide
compensation for the loss
suffered by the assured. The
assured should not to profit from
insurance and he should be in the
same financial position after the
loss as before the insured event
takes place.
3、补偿原则
• 保险人的赔偿必须以实际损失为限，被
保险人不能从中获利，以免道德风险
• 必须以保险金额为限，不能高于保险金
额
• 必须以可保利益为限
4. Proximate cause
• Proximate cause refers to the
first peril in a chain of that result
in a loss.
• This concept concerns solely
with establishing the cause of
loss or damage to cargo in order
to reduce the underwriter’s
liability to within tolerable limits.
• The loss must be a direct result
of an insured peril.
case
• the fireman removed
undamaged stock from a
burning building to avoid its
involvement in the fire and the
stock was stacked in the open
yard. Subsequently the stock
was damaged by rain. Was the
proximate cause of the damage
the fire or the rain?
The answer for case
• if the rain damage occurred
before the assured had an
opportunity to protect it then
the proximate cause of the
•if the stock was left unprotected
damage
would
be
the
fire
and
for an unreasonably long period,
fire
is covered
under
a fire
the
rain
would be
a new
and
policy;
independent
cause of damage and
damage caused by rain may not be
covered under a policy.
近因原则适用于所有的保险，但解释和确立
这一原则的诉讼大多与海上保险有关。
明确近因概念的重要案例是1918年
Leyland Shipping Co. Ltd. v.
Norwich Union Fire Insurance
Society Ltd.。
案例见下页
“艾卡丽亚号”（Ikaria）于1915年1月30日
被敌人潜艇鱼雷击中，船壳被炸开了两个大
洞，一号船舱罐满了海水。 该船的水险保单
承保了海上危险，但把“一切敌对行为或类
似战争行为的后果”作为除外责任。该船驶
进了法国勒哈佛尔港，停泊在一个繁忙军事
运输的码头边上，港务局担心船会沉没并阻
碍码头的使用，于是命令该船起锚或者到港
外抢滩，或者锚泊在防波堤外。船长只能服
从命令，停靠在防波堤外。由于海床不平和
该船被鱼雷击中后头重脚轻的共同作用（低
潮时船头搁浅，其他部分在水中），导致船
壳严重扭曲，终于在2月2日涨潮时沉没了。
• 保险人主张：损失的近因是鱼雷，属于除外
责任。
• 被保险人主张：时间上最后造成损失的原因
才是近因，因此船舶的沉没是由于停靠在防
波堤边反复搁浅造成的。
• 法庭判定：保险人胜诉，并拒绝以时间标准
作为衡量近因原则的方法。
4、近因原则
• 保险人只对承保风险与保险标的损失之
间有直接因果关系的损失负赔偿责任，
对保险责任范围外的风险造成的保险标
的的损失，不承担赔偿责任
5. Subrogation
• Subrogation means that when an
underwriter has paid a loss under
his policy, he is entitled to place
himself in the position of the
assured to take over all rights of
the assured in respect of the loss
he has paid such as the title to
the subject matter insured and
the right in a law suit in case of
an accident like a car collision or
ship collision, for insurance.
5、代位追偿原则
• 当保险标的发生了保险责任范围内的由
第三者责任造成的损失，保险人向被保
险人履行了损失赔偿的责任后，有权在
已赔付的金额限度内取得被保险人在该
项损失中向第三责任方要求索赔的权利。
6、重复保险分摊原则
• 为了避免获得额外利益，只能获得一份
补偿
• 学会比例分摊责任法
应当分摊的损失赔偿金额=自己保单中的
保险金额/各张保单保险金额之和*承保
损失
Insurance
Policy
1. Insurance document
1) Insurance Policy
2) Insurance Certificate
3) Combined Certificate
4) Endorsement保险更改批单
5) Open Policy预约保单
1) Insurance Policy
• Insurance policy, called policy,
is a contract of insurance,
describing the term, coverage,
premiums and deductibles免赔额.
2) Insurance Certificate
• Insurance Certificate is a
simple form of Insurance policy,
it is also contract of insurance,
describing the term, coverage,
premiums and deductibles but
without contents on reverse
3) Combined Certificate
• When the goods are exported to Hong
Kong, and some countries in Southeast
Asia, the insurance company
sometimes adds the coverage and
insurance amount on the commercial
invoice which is made out by a foreign
trade company. This is a certificate
which combines the invoice with the
insurance policy. It is the simplest
insurance certificate in use.
4) Endorsement保险更改批单
• After insurance has been taken out,
if the insured wants to replenish补
充or change the contents of the
policy, he may apply to the
company for amendment. After
agreement by the company,
another certificate which indicates
the relative amendment will be
issued. This certificate is called
endorsement.
5) Open Policy预约保单
• This type of policy is of great importance
for export business, it is convenient
method for insuring the goods where a
number of consignments of similar export
goods are intended to be covered. An open
policy covers these shipments, as soon as
they are made, under the previous
arrangement between the insured and the
insurance company.
Insurance Policy
The insured：
Claim at赔付地点：
The Seller，
transferable after
endorsement
Destination
Date of Insurance： Not late than B/L
2. Assignment of the
Insurance Policy
• A marine policy is assignable by
endorsement (or in any other
customary manner).
• For example, the exporter often
first makes himself the
beneficiary when he is responsible
for procuring insurance. An
endorsement will then be needed
in order to transfer the policy
when negotiation is made.
2. Assignment of the
Insurance Policy
• After the transfer, the assignee
can sure on the policy in his own
name subject to any defense
which would have been available
•The
assignment
may
be made
against
the person
who
effected
either
before or after the loss, but
the policy.
an assured who has parted with
or lost his interest in the subjectmatter insured cannot assign.
保险合同的转让
• 货物保险合同的转让是通过转让保险单来实
现的。
• 1.转让无需经过保险人的同意
• 海上货物运输保险合同的转让毋须征得保险
人的同意，就可随货物的转让而转让，海上
货物运输保险合同可以由被保险人背书或者
以其他方式转让，合同的权利、义务随之转
移。这是由海上货物运输的特点所决定的。
在海上货物运输中，代表货物的提单，除记
名提单外，均可通过背书的方式自由转让，
如果对其保险合同的转让做出限制，势必严
重影响商品流通领域的正常秩序
• 2.必须在保险标所有权转移之前或同时进行
• 保险标的发生转移后，被保险人就丧失了保险利益，
也就无法转让合同
• 3.损失发生后仍可转让保险合同
• 除非保险单规定不准转让，货物保险单是可以转让
的，而且无论在货物灭失前或灭失后，均可转让。
• 4.保险合同受让人的权利不优于转让人
• 保险单的受让人可以以自己的名义对保险人提起索
赔或诉讼。保险人可以对原被保险人提出的抗辩及
于保单的受让人，但不能以对被保险人的抵销权对
抗保单受让人。因此，如果原被保险人未正确履行
如实宣告、正确陈述的义务，保险人解除合同的权
利不因保单出让而受影响。
3. Insurance value
• Insurance value, in marine cargo
insurance, is the actual value of
the insurable cargo. It isCIF
generally calculated as:
• Cost of goods+ amount of
freight+ insurance premium+
percentage of the total sum to
represent a reasonable profit for
the buyer.
3. Insurance value
• Insurable value is the maximum
amount payable by the
insurance company in case of
loss
• and premium is calculated and
paid on the basis of this amount.
4. Premium
• The insurance premium is
payable to the insurer when he
issues the insurance policy or
certificate.
• The premium charge for the
insurance policy is calculated
according to the risks involved.
4. Premium
• Premium is generally based on
the value of goods covered and
the statistical probability of loss.
• Insurance underwriters take a
number of specific factors into
consideration when they decide
on the rate of insurance
premium.
• See textbook pages 113
保险金额
• 保险金额是指保险人所应承担的最高赔偿金。
按照国际保险市场习惯，通常按CIF或CIP
总值加10%计算。所加的百分率称为保险加
成率，它作为买方的经营管理费用和预期利
润。
• 计算公式：
• 保险费=保险金额（投保金额）×保险费率
• 保险金额=CIF价X(1+投保加成率）
•
=CIFX投保加成
保险费计算题一
• 某公司出口CIF合同规定按发票金额
110%投保一切险和战争险,如出口发票
金额为15000美元，一切险保险费率为
0.6%，战争保险费率为0.03%，试问：
投保金额是多少？应付保险费多少？
保险费的计算例题二
一批货物由上海出口至某国某港口CIF总金
额为30000美元，投保一切险（保险费率为
0.6%）及战争险（保险费率0.03%），保险
金额按CIF总金额，客户要求加保一成。
应付的保险费 = 30000×（1+10%）×
（0.6%+0.03% ）
= 33000 ×（0.6% + 0.03% ）
= 33000 ×0.0063
= 207.90（美元）
Cargo Insurance
Claims
1. Guidelines
• 1) Ownership of damaged cargo
• The fact is that the cargo
remains the property of the
assured, and under limited
circumstances will an insurance
company agree to take title to
or sell it
1. Guidelines
• 2) Onus义务 of Good Faith
• An assured dose not have the
right to abandon cargo or fail to
take any action, which could
result in averting避免 or
minimizing a loss or damage.
1. Guidelines
• 3) Minimizing a known loss
• Some assureds will question the
right to incur an expense in order
to minimize a loss before receiving
the insurance company’s authority
to incur that expense. Provided the
expense incurred is reasonable
relative to the amount of loss you
are trying to avoid，the insurance
Company will pay for those
expenses.
2. Procedures
•
•
•
•
•
•
1) Substantiate the claim
证明损失
2) Document the claim
为索赔提供证据
3) Documents required
索赔单据
1) Substantiate the claim
• A vital component of our claims
procedures is the substantiating
of the claim. The assured must
prove that the claim has been
caused as a result of the
insurance coverage, particularly
in terms of risks covered and
the time period of the coverage.
1) Substantiate the claim
• The first step is to examine the
external condition of all
packages upon delivery before
signing the delivery receipt. If
the damage is noted, you are to
stop unloading or unpacking
until a decision has been
reached on the need for a
survey.
1) Substantiate the claim
• The second step is to note the
exceptions on the delivery
receipt. The assured should not
give clean receipt when goods
are in dubious可疑的 condition.
1) Substantiate the claim
• The third step is to record all
case numbers that appear
damaged when noting delivery
receipts. It is not enough to
indicate “Five Cases Damaged”
on the receipt. You must record
the numbers appearing on each
case. For example: “Case #5, #6,
#7 And #12 are in damaged
condition”.
2) Document the claim
• Along with noting delivery receipts, it
is vital to place all carriers “on notice”
in the event of a claim within time
limitations. payment from them
should never be the accepted without
first advising the insurance company.
Accepting payment from the carrier
without notifying the insurance
company prejudices the insurance
company’s right of subrogation and
violates a provision of your policy
which may jeopardize the outcome of
the claim危害索赔结果.
2) Document the claim
• The assured should also give
immediate notice to the nearest
branch or agency in the event of
damage giving rise to a claim.
This notice means that a claim
has been filed.
2) Document the claim
• the insurer will appoint a
suitable surveyor to inspect the
goods and report on the nature
and extent of the damage,
usually a report or certificate of
loss is issued to the assured
who pays a fee for it. The
assured should then send claim
paper to the insurer with the
certificate.
3) Documents required
• the following are the basic
documents required to claim :
• * Insurance Policy or Certificate
• * Commercial Invoice
• * Packing List:
• * Bill of Lading
• * Additional documents--such as
Container Damage Report, Tally
Sheets, Police Statement (in the
event of a theft), etc.
索赔
1、当被保险货物运抵目的地后，被保险人应
及时提货。当发现被保险货物遭受任何损失，
应即向保险单上规定的检验、理赔代理人申
请检验，并向有关当局(如海关、港务局、检
验局)索取货损货差证明。
2、对遭受损失的货物，被保险人应采取合理
抢救措施，以减少损失。
索赔
3、如遇航程变更或发现保险单所载明的货物、
船名或航程有遗漏或错误时，被保险人应在
获悉后立即通知保险人。
4、在向保险人索赔时，应提供下列单证：保
险单正本、提单、发票、装箱单、磅码单、
货损货差证明，检验报告及索赔清单。如涉
及第三者责任，还须提供向责任方追偿的有
关函电及其他必要的单证或文件。
索赔期限
索赔期限亦称索赔时效，是被保险货物
发生保险责任范围内的风险与损失时，被
保险人向保险提出索赔的有效期限。
中国人民保险公司《海洋运输货物保险
条款》规定索赔期限为二年，自被保险货
物运抵目的港全部卸离海轮之日起计算。
Take out Insurance
Introduction of the insurance coverage of marine
cargo transport
Practice of marine cargo insurance
Cautions for insurance
Insurance claim
THANK YOU！
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