Object-Oriented Programming (Java)
Topics Covered Today
• Unit 1.1 Java Applications
– 1.1.5 Exception Objects
– 1.1.6 Code Convention
– 1.1.7 Javadoc
2
Program Errors
• Syntax (compiler) errors
– Errors in code construction (grammar, types)
– Detected during compilation
• Run-time errors
– Operations illegal / impossible to execute
– Detected during program execution
– Treated as exceptions in Java
• Logic errors
– Operations leading to incorrect program state
– May (or may not) lead to run-time errors
– Detect by debugging code
3
Exceptions
• An exception is an event, which occurs during the
execution of a program, that disrupts the normal
flow of the program's instructions.
• Examples
–
–
–
–
–
–
Division by zero
Access past end of array
Out of memory
Number input in wrong format (float vs. integer)
Unable to write output to file
Missing input file
4
Method readInteger()
• Pseudo-code for a method that reads an integer from the
standard input:
int readInteger () {
}
Read a string from the standard input
Convert the string to an integer value
Return the integer value
• This pseudo-code ignores the failures that may occur:
– The string cannot be read from the standard input. For example,
the standard input may be a damaged file.
– The string does not contain an integer. For example, the user
may type "2r" instead of "25".
5
The Traditional Approach
• Include conditional statements to detect and handle program
failures.
• The code is difficult to read and maintain.
int readInteger () {
while (true) {
//read a string from the standard input;
if (read from the standard input fails) {
handle standard input error;
} else {
//convert the string to an integer value;
if (the string does not contain an integer) {
handle invalid number format error;
}
else {
return the integer value;
}}}}
6
Exception Handling
• Exception handling is a mechanism that allows failures to be
handled outside the normal flow of the code.
– 将程序运行中的所有错误都看成一种异常，通过对语
句块的检测，一个程序中的所有异常被集中起来放到
程序中的某一段中进行处理
int readInteger () {
while (true) {
try {
normal flow of
the code
read a string from the standard input;
convert the string to an integer value;
return the integer value;
each failure
is handled in
} catch (read from the standard input failed) {
a catch
handle standard input error;
block
} catch (the string does not contain an integer) {
handle invalid number format error;
7
} }}
Run-time Exception
public class DivideByZero {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(5/0);
System.out.println("this will not be printed.");
System.out.println("Division by zero.");
}
}
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at DivideByZero.main(DivideByZero.java:9)
8
try-catch
public class DivideByZero1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
System.out.println(5/0);
} catch(Exception e){
System.out.printf("Caught runtime exception = %s", e);
}
}
}
Caught runtime exception = java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
9
Exception Object
• In Java, an exception is an object that describes an
abnormal situation.
• An exception object contains the following
information:
– The kind of exception
– A call stack which indicates where the exception
occurred
– A string with additional information about the
exception
10
Method of Exception
• String getMessage().
– Obtains the argument that was passed to the constructor of the
exception object.
• String toString().
– The name of the exception (its type), followed by a colon ( : ),
followed by the String returned by method getMessage.
• void printStackTrace().
– This method displays, in the standard error stream, the String
returned by method toString, followed by information that
shows where the exception was thrown. The information
includes a list of all the methods that were called before the
exception occurred.
11
Exception Class Hierarchy
12
Exception Class Hierarchy
• Class Error is used for serious problems from which
an application is unlikely to recover.
• An example is the "out of memory" error.
13
Exception Class Hierarchy
• Class Exception is used for abnormal conditions
that an application can be expected to handled.
14
Checked & Unchecked Exception
• Two types of exceptions  checked & unchecked by
compiler
15
Unchecked Exceptions
• Error & RunTimeException
• Serious errors not handled by typical program
• Example
– NullPointerException
– IndexOutOfBoundsException
• Catching unchecked exceptions is optional
• Handled by Java Virtual Machine if not caught
16
Checked Exceptions
• Class Exception (except RunTimeException)
• Errors typical program should handle
• Example
– IOException, FileNotFoundException
• Compiler requires “catch or declare”
– Catch and handle exception in method, OR
– Declare method can throw exception, force calling
function to catch or declare exception in turn.
17
CheckedExceptionDemo.java
import java.io.*;
public class CheckedExceptionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
// Process file …
// ...
stream.close();
}
}
18
Code Compile Errors
F:\My Teaching\ssd3f07\>javac CheckExceptionDemo.java
CheckExceptionDemo.java:4: 未报告的异常 java.io.FileNotFoundException；必
须对其进行捕捉或声明以便抛出
FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
^
CheckExceptionDemo.java:7: 未报告的异常 java.io.IOException；必须对其进
行捕捉或声明以便抛出
stream.close();
^
2 错误
19
Catching Multiple Exceptions
import java.io.*;
public class CheckExceptionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
stream.close();
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiobe) {
System.err.println("The program needs a command argument.");
} catch (FileNotFoundException exception) {
System.err.println("Cannot find file '" + args[0] + "'");
} catch (SecurityException exception) {
System.err.println("No permissions for '" + args[0] + "'");
} catch (IOException ioe) {
System.err.println("Close file error.");
}
}
}
20
Throws Exceptions
• Checked exceptions could be declared in the method
header using throws.
import java.io.*;
public class CheckExceptionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException
// declares exception
{
FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
stream.close();
}
}
21
User-Defined Exceptions
• A new checked exception class can be defined by extending the
class Exception.
• A new unchecked exception class can be defined by extending the
class RuntimeException.
22
OutOfRangeException.java
public class OutOfRangeException extends Exception {
public OutOfRangeException() { }
public OutOfRangeException(String message) {
super(message);
}
23
The throw Statement
• User-defined methods can also throw exceptions.
To throw an exception, use the keyword throw,
following by an exception object.
• For example:
throw new OutOfRangeException();
throw new OutOfRangeException("Not a valid number");
24
Throw Exception
A( ) throws OutOfRangeException {
if (error) throw new OutOfRangeException();
}
B( ) {
try {
A( );
}
catch (OutOfRangeException e) { ...action... }
}
25
Exception Handling
26
ExceptionDemo.java
public class ExceptionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
methodA();
System.out.println("MethodA passed");
}
public static void methodA() {
try {
methodB();
System.out.println("MethodB passed");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}
}
27
ExceptionDemo.java (Cont.)
public static void methodB() throws Exception {
methodC();
System.out.println("MethodC passed");
}
public static void methodC() throws Exception {
methodD();
System.out.println("MethodD passed");
}
public static void methodD() throws Exception {
throw new Exception("This is an Exception Message");
}
}
28
Execution Result of ExceptionDemo.java
public class ExceptionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
methodA();
System.out.println("MethodA passed");
}
public static void methodA() {
try {
methodB();
System.out.println("MethodB passed");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
public static void methodB() throws Exception {
System.exit(1);
methodC();
}
System.out.println("MethodC passed");
}
}
public static void methodC() throws Exception {
methodD();
System.out.println("MethodD passed");
}
public static void methodD() throws Exception {
throw new Exception("This is an Exception Message");
}
}
29
Execution Result of ExceptionDemo.java
Exception
Name
Call
Stack
30
The finally Block
FileInputStream stream1 = null;
FileOutputStream stream2 = null;
try {
stream1 = new FileInputStream(name1);
stream2 = new FileOutputStream(name2);
...
} catch (...) {
...
} finally {
if (stream2 != null) stream2.close();
if (stream1 != null) stream1.close();
}
31
Generating & Handling Exceptions
• Java primitives
–
–
–
–
try
throw
catch
finally
• Procedure for using exceptions
–
–
–
–
Enclose code generating exceptions in try block
Use throw to actually generate exception
Use catch to specify exception handlers
Use finally to specify actions after exception
32
Java Syntax
try {
throw new eType1();
}
catch (eType1 e) {
...action...
}
catch (eType2 e) {
...action...
}
finally {
...action...
}
// try block encloses throws
// throw jumps to catch
// catch block 1
// run if type match
// catch block 2
// run if type match
// final block
// optional, always be executed
33
Topics Covered Today
• Unit 1.1 Java Applications
– 1.1.5 Exception Objects
– 1.1.6 Code Convention
– 1.1.7 Javadoc
34
Why need Code Convention?
• 专业编码工作的产品将会是你的源代码。对于任何商
业的产品，应该确定你的代码有最高的质量。
• 要是代码要保存很长一段时间，你必须使得你的代码
可读以及便于其他人所理解。难于理解的代码可能要
舍弃和重写。
• 作为开发团队的一部分，你应该致力于你的代码和你
的队友的保持一致。
• 编码的风格一般反映你是什么样的程序员。清晰的和
整齐的代码常常反映出一个拥有清晰头脑，组织能力
很强的程序员。
35
Java Code Conventions
• http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/html/CodeConvTOC.d
oc.html
• Java Code Conventions Quick Reference
36
Topics Covered Today
• Unit 1.1 Java Applications
– 1.1.5 Exception Objects
– 1.1.6 Code Convention
– 1.1.7 Javadoc
37
JAVA Comments
• // single line comment
• /* */ multi-line comment
• Javadoc
38
JavaDoc and Javadoc Program
• Javadoc 解析 Java 源文件中的声明和文档注释，并产
生相应的 HTML 页（缺省），描述公有类、保护类、
内部类、接口、构造函数、方法和域。
• 维护软件比开发软件花费的更多，如果软件很好的归
档，维护工作将很容易。很多程序员在软件开发完后
才归档，这是错误的。编码完成时归档也应该结束。
• 使用Javadoc可增强归档。
• 整个Java API的文档使用Javadoc形式。
39
Javadoc Syntax
• Javadoc comments open with a "slash-asterisk-asterisk"
sequence ( /** ) and close with an "asterisk-slash"
sequence ( */ ) on the same line or on separate lines.
• Each internal line begins with a single asterisk ( * ) .
• For example:
/**
* body text
/** body text */
* body text
* body text
*/
40
Some Useful Tags
• @author – programmer's name; used for classes
• @version – version of the program; used for classes
• @param – description of a formal parameter; used for
methods and constructors
• @return – description of a return value; used for methods
• @exception (or @throws) – description of an exception;
used for methods and constructors
• @see – reference to a related entity; used for classes,
constructors, methods, and data fields
• http://java.sun.com/j2se/javadoc/index.html
41
Including HTML Tags
<P>…</P>
Paragraph
<BR>
Line break
<UL>…</UL> <LI>…</LI>
List
<I>…</I>
italics
<B>…</B>
boldface
<CODE>…</CODE>
fixed width
(Should not use <H1>, <H2>, etc.)
42
Javadoc Command
• A program that automatically extracts
documentation from your Java sources.
• For each source file MyClass.java,
it will create a MyClass.html,
plus a couple of additional pages.
• Example:
– Unit1.1.7 TwoInts.java
43
Running Javadoc
Figure 1 Javadoc command
44
Options to the javadoc program
-public
Only extract comments for public items
-private
-author
-d dir
-link url
Extract all comments
Include author information
Specify output directory
Include links to Java API
javadoc -private -author -d docs TwoInts.java
45
Use JavaDoc with Eclipse
46