Animal Science
Mr. Chad Warnick

Skeleton: Overview
 The skeletal system consists of the bones and joints along with the cartilage and ligaments that occur at the joints.
 Bones: Hard Tissue, mostly calcium, provides support and makes Red Blood Cells
 Ligaments: Strong, white bands of tissue that connect two bones together at a joint

Skeleton: Overview
 Cartilage: Hard tissue that prevents bones from grinding against each other.
 Joints: Location of where two or more bones meet.
 Tendon: Connects muscle to bone.

1. Functions of the Skeleton
 The skeleton supports the body.
 The skeleton protects soft body parts.
 The skeleton produces blood cells.
 The skeleton stores minerals and fats.
 The skeleton (along with the muscles) permits flexible body movements.

2. Classification of bones
 Bones are classified according to their shape.
 Long (Longer then they are wide)
 Short (Cube shapes, about equal lengths and widths)
 Flat (Platelike and have a broad suface)
 Irregular (Varied shapes with many connections)
 Round (Circular shape)

2. Classification of bones
 Long Bones- Longer then they are wide)
 Longest bones providing support for the body giving it the rigidity
(hardness) necessary to stand and move.

EX: Canon
Bone, Pelvic,
Ribs

Long bones can act as levers

2. Classification of bones
 Short Bones- (Cube shapted; lengths and widths are about equal.
 Found in the joints and serve as hinges. They help cushion shock and protect long bones.

Example:
Hoofs & Feet

2. Classification of bones
 Flat Bones (Platelike and have broad surfaces)
EX: Skull

2. Classification of bones
 Irregular Bones- (Varied shapes with many places for connections with other bones)

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outer layer
 Cushions the hard portion of the bone
 Repair of broken bones

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Compact Bone
 Beneath periosteum
 Layer of hard mineral matter
 Calcium
 Gives bones strength

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Spongy Bone
 Inside hard outer layer
 Fills ends of bones
 Lines hollow portions

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Red marrow
 Inside cavities of spongy bone
 Formation of red blood cells

3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Yellow marrow
 Located inside hollow portion
 Fat storage cells
 Energy storage

4. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
 The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

Important Terms Related to the
Skeleton
Skeletons can be divided into two sections, which include a.
Axial Skeleton. b. Appendicular skeleton

4. Axial and Skeleton
 The axial skeleton lies in the midline of the body and contains the bones of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. (Colored Orange)

Vertebrae are divided into five regions

Cervical Vertebrae-The section in the neck from the skull to the first rib.

Thoracic-extends along the rib cage. Each of these has a rib attached to each side.

Lumbar-The area of the spinal column from the
last rib to the pelvis. Also referred to as the loin.

Sacral-Extends through the pelvic area.

Coccygeal- The vertebrae that continue from the pelvis to the end of the tail.

4. Appendicular Skeleton
 Contains the bones of the fore and rear limbs.

5. Joints
 Bones are joined together at joints. In most instances bones can articulate at the joints.
 Classified by the way they move.

5. Joints
 Joints serve as hinges for the skeletal system.

5. Joints
 There are 4 types of joints we will discuss:
 Hinge
 Knee
 Ball and Socket
 Hip
 Gliding
 Vertebrae
 Fixed ( Cartliaginous)
 Skull

5. Joints Hinge

5. Joints Ball & Socket

5. Joints Gliding

5. Joints Fixed

Formation of Bones
 Bone is comprised of:
 26% minerals (mostly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate)
 50% is water
 4% is fat
 20% is protein
 Bone requires adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals in the ration.

Choose a species

Horse Skeleton

Chicken Skeleton

Horse Skeleton

Unlabeled Horse Skeleton

The skeletal system provides support for the animal.

The skeletal system provides support for the animal.

Skeleton of a Cow

Skeleton of a Cow
1. Cannon
2. Knee joint
3. Radius
4. Sternum
5. Elbow joint
6. Ulna
7. Humerus
8. Shoulder joint
9. Shoulder blade
10. Eye socket
11. Horn cones
12. Cervical vertebrae
13. Dorsal vertebrae

Skeleton of a Cow
14. Lumber vertebrae
15. Sacrum
16. Hip Bone
17. Caudal vertebrae
18. Hip Joint
19. Femur
20. Knee joint
21. Tibia
22. Hock joint
23. Ribs
24. Pasterns
25. Coronary

Skeleton of a Horse

Skeleton of a Horse
1. Thoracic vertebrae
2. Lumbar vertebrae
3. Sacrum
4. Shaft of Ilium
5. Coccygeal vertebrae
6. Hip joint
7. Femur
8. Patella
9. Tibia
10. Fibula
11. Tarsus
12. Metatarsus
13. Stifle
14. Pubis
15. False ribs
16. True ribs

Skeleton of a Horse
17. Proximal sesamoid bones 25. Elbow joint
18. Ulna
19. Coffin joint
20. Pastern joint
26. Sternum
27. Humerus
28. Shoulder joint
21. Fetlock joint
22. Metacarpus
23. Carpus
24. Radius
29. Scapula
30. Mandible
31. Facial bones
32. Cranial bones
33. Cervical vertebrae

Skeleton of a Fowl

Skeleton of a Fowl
1. Incisive
2. Nasal
3. Occipital
4. Ulula
5. Ulna
6. Radius
9. Ilium
7. Scapula
8. Fused Ribs
10. Pygostyle
11. Ischium
12. Pubis

Skeleton of a Fowl
13. Femur
14. Fibula
15. Tibia
16. Metatarsus
17. Sternum
18. Patella
19. Coracoid
20. Clavicle
21. Cervical vertebrae
22. Mandible
23. Humerus

Horse Skeleton

Chicken Skeleton