CMOS
Logic Circuits
1
Logic Values
• Logic values = {0, 1}
• A logic value, 0 or 1, is called as BInary DigiT or BIT.
• Physical states representing bits in digital
technologies:
2
Encoding Bits
•
Information can be encoded using:
– Current, Voltage, Phase, Frequency
•
Digital systems use two voltage levels for encoding
bits.
– LOW: A signal close to the GND
– HIGH: A signal close to the VCC
3
Encoding Bits
•
Positive logic
– High: 1 and Low: 0
– Our convention in this course
•
Negative logic
– High: 0 and Low: 1
4
Logic Gates
•
Gates are basic digital devices.
– A gate takes one or more inputs and produces an output.
– Inputs are either 0 or 1.
•
Although they may have very different values of voltage.
– Output is either 0 or 1.
– A logic gate’s operation is fully described by a truth table.
5
Logic Families – What is inside of a logic gate?
•
A logic family is a collection of different integratedcircuit chips that have similar input, output, and
internal circuit characteristics, but that perform
different logic functions.
•
Logic gates are made from transistors.
– TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) family gates are made from
–
bipolar transistors.
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) family
logic gates are made from MOS transistors.
6
MOS Transistors – N-type MOSFET
• OFF (open circuit) : when gate is logical zero
• ON (short circuit) : when gate is logical one
• Passes a good logical zero
• Degrades a logical one
7
MOS Transistors – P-type MOSFET
• OFF (open circuit) : when gate is logical one
• ON (short circuit) : when gate is logical zero
• Passes a good logical one
• Degrades a logical zero
8
CMOS Logic Gates
9
Inverter
10
Inverter
11
NAND – Not AND
12
NAND
13
NOR – Not OR
14
Non-inverting Buffer
15
AND Gate
16
OR Gate
17
CMOS Electrical Characteristics
•
•
Digital analysis works only if circuits are operated in
specs:
– Power supply voltage
– Temperature
– Input-signal quality
– Output loading
Must do some “analog” analysis to prove that circuits
are operated in spec.
– Fan-out specs
– Timing analysis (setup and hold times)
– Analysis involves only consequences of V = IR (static)
and q = CV (dynamic)
18
CMOS Electrical Characteristics
• Logic voltage levels
• DC noise margin
• Fan-in
• Fan-out
• Speed
• Power consumption
19
Data Sheets
20
Logic Levels
•
•
Typical transfer characteristic of a CMOS inverter:
– LOW input level: < 2.4 Volt
– HIGH input level: > 2.6 Volt
Transfer characteristic depends on power-supply
voltage, temperature and output loading.
21
Logic Levels
•
Should use more conservative specifications for LOW
and HIGH
–
VILmax: max input voltage guaranteed to be recognized as a LOW level
–
VOLmax: max output voltage in the LOW level
–
VOHmin: min output voltage in the HIGH level
–
VIHmin: min input voltage guaranteed to be recognized as a HIGH level
•
30% of VCC
•
GND + 0.1 V
•
VCC – 0.1 V
•
70% of VCC
22
Logic Levels
VOHmin VIHmin
VOLmax
VILmax
23
DC Noise Margins
•
DC noise margin is a measure of how much noise it
takes to corrupt a worst-case output voltage into a
value that may not be recognized properly by an input.
– Noise Margin Low = VILmax – VOLmax
–
= 1.35 – 0.1 = 1.25 V
Noise Margin High = VOHmin – VIHmin
= 4.4 – 3.15 = 1.25 V
24
Input Currents
•
CMOS gate inputs consume very little current, only the
leakage current of the two transistors’ gates.
– IIH: max current that flows into the input in HIGH state
– IIL: max current that flows into the input in LOW state
25
DC Output Loading
•
An output must sink
current from a load when
the output is in the LOW
state.
•
An output must source
current to a load when
the output is in the HIGH
state.
26
DC Output Loading Specs
•
VOLmax and VOHmin are specified for certain outputcurrent values, IOLmax and IOHmax.
– IOLmax: max current that output can sink in the LOW state
–
while still maintaining an output voltage no greater than VOLmax
IOHmax: max current that output can source in the HIGH state
while still maintaining an output voltage no less than VOHmin
27
DC Output Loading - Output-voltage Drops
•
•
•
•
Resistance of “off” transistor is > 1 Megaohm, but
resistance of “on” transistor is nonzero,
– Voltage drops across “on” transistor, V = IR
For “CMOS” loads, current and voltage drop are
negligible.
For TTL inputs, LEDs, terminations, or other resistive
loads, current and voltage drop are significant and must
be calculated.
If too much load, output voltage will go outside of valid
logic-voltage range.
– VOHmin, VIHmin
– VOLmax, VILmax
28
Fan-in
•
The number of inputs that a gate can have in a
particular logic family is called the logic family’s fan-in.
– You could design a CMOS NAND or NOR gates with a very
–
large number of inputs.
In practice, additive “on” resistance of series transistors
limits the fan-in of CMOS gates – Lower speed.
•
Max fan-in = 4 for NOR, 6 for NAND
7-input NAND gate using
4-input NAND gates
3-input NAND gate
29
Fan-out
•
•
•
The fan-out of a gate is the number of inputs that the
gate can drive without exceeding its worst-case loading
specifications.
– Characteristics of the gate’s output
– Characteristics of the inputs that it is driving
DC fan-out: The number of inputs that an output can
drive with the output in a constant state (high or low).
AC fan-out: The ability of an output to charge or
discharge the stray capacitance associated with the
inputs that it drives.
– If the capacitance is too large, the transition from low to high
(or vice versa) may be too slow, causing improper system
operation.
30
DC Fan-out Calculation
•
•
LOW state: The sum of the IIL values of the driven
inputs may not exceed IOLmax of the driving output.
HIGH state: The sum of the IIH values of the driven
inputs may not exceed IOHmax of the driving output.
Low State Fan-out=
20 μA/1 μA= 20
High State Fan-out=
20 μA/1 μA= 20
31
AC Loading
•
AC loading has become a critical design factor as
industry has moved to pure CMOS systems.
– CMOS inputs have very high impedance, DC loading is
–
–
•
frequently negligible (low fan-outs).
CMOS inputs and related packaging and wiring have significant
capacitance.
Time to charge and discharge capacitance is a major component
of delay.
Gate’s speed and power consumption depend on the AC
characteristics of the gate and its load.
32
Transition Time
•
The amount of time that the output of a logic circuit
takes to change from one state to another is called the
transition time.
– tR : rise time – time to chage from low to high
– tF : fall time – time to chage from high to low
33
Transition Time
•
•
The rise and fall times of a CMOS output depend
mainly on
– “on” transistor resistance
– capacitive load
Capacitive load = Stray capacitance = AC load
– Output circuits: A gate’s output transistors, internal wiring,
–
–
packaging
The wiring that connects an output to other inputs
Input circuits: A gate’s input transistors, internal wiring,
packaging
34
Propagation Delay
• The propagation delay is the amount of time that it takes for a
change in the input signal to produce a change in the output signal.
– tPHL : high-to-low propogation time
– tPLH : low-to-high propogation time
– tPD : propogation delay; tPD= max (tPHL, tPLH)
•
tPD determines the gate speed
35
Power Consumption
•
•
Static power consumption: Power consumption when the
circuit’s output is not changing
– Very low static power consumption for CMOS circuits
•
•
Attractive for low-power applications
Power consumption due to the leakage currents
Dynamic power consumption: Power consumption when
the circuit’s output is in transition
PD = (CPD + CL) x (VCC)2 x f
–
–
–
–
–
PT : Dynamic power consumption
VCC: Power-supply voltage
f: Transition frequency of the output signal
CPD : Power-dissipation capacitance – Specified by the device
manufacturer and around 20-24 pF
CL : Load capacitance
36
CMOS Logic Family
•
•
4000 series
– First commercially successful CMOS family
– Fairly slow and not easy to interface to TTL
CMOS device part number: 74FAMnn or 54FAMnn
– HC/HCT: High speed CMOS/ High speed CMOS, TTL
–
–
compatible
FCT/FCT-T: Fast CMOS/ Fast CMOS, TTL compatible
VHC/VHCT: Very high speed CMOS/ Very high speed CMOS,
TTL compatible
CMOS-TTL Interface
•
•
•
DC noise margin
– CMOS outputs driving TTL inputs: Ok
– TTL outputs driving CMOS inputs: CMOS device must be HCT,
VHCT or FCT
Fan-out
– TTL outputs driving CMOS inputs: Ok
– CMOS outputs driving TTL inputs: Limited
Capacitive loading
– Increasing delay and power consumption
– All CMOS families have similar dynamic power consumption
– TTL outputs have lower dynamic power consumption