Dual Nature of Light Is light a wave or a particle? Wave Properties • -Diffraction • -Interference • -Polarization Diffraction Constructive & Destructive Interference Polarization Energy Wave E increases with A2/Intensity. Studies of Wave E • Planck – color (f, l) vs. T. • As T inc. , f inc, (l decr) Radiation & Temperature Hot Objects Emit Waves Intensity/Brightness Problem: Classical physics could not accurately predict f vs. Temperature Max Planck related f to T. Light (EM) E, is quantized--it can only take on certain whole number values. E comes in little "chunks" of f x a constant now called Planck's constant, h: • • • • EM radiation waves chunks quanta photons Can calculate E in EM waves units quanta or photons based on frequency. E = hf. h is Plank’s constant 6.63 x 10-34 Js. E is energy in Joules f is frequency of radiation Show that if E = hf, E = hc. l • • • • • • For waves, v = fl. Rearrange f = v/l. Vacuum/air EM v = c (3 x 108m/s). f = c/l. E = hf f = c/l. E = hc. l Ex 1. Each photon of a certain color light has an energy of 2.5 eV. What is the frequency of and color of the light? Solution: E = hf f = E/h convert eV to Joules. (2.5 eV)(1.6 x 10-19J/eV) = 6.03 x 1014 Hz 6.626 x 10-34 J s Green Light 2. The energy of a certain photon is 2.9 eV. What type of wave is it? Be specific. • 2.9 eV x 1.6 x 10-19 J = 4.64 x 10-19 J. eV E= hf (4.64 x 10-19 J) = (6.63 x 10-34 Js) f f = 7 x 10 14Hz Violet Light Finish Ex Sheet • Hwk : Text Read 830 – 833 Do pg 833 #1-4 and 839 #2, & 856 # 2-4, 9. Do Now: A photon of light has energy = 2.072 eV. What color is it? • • • • • • 2.072 eV (1.6 x 10-19 J/eV). 3.3152 x 10-19 J E = hf. (3.3152 x 10-19 J) = (6.63 x 10-34 Js)f f = 5.00 x 1014 Hz. Orange So EM Radiation comes in chunks, maybe it’s not waves. • All objects above 0 K radiate EM waves as E. • Hotter = more E = higher freq. (different color) • E = hf (J). What is the evidence? • Photoelectric effect. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric Photoelectric Effect When EM waves shine on a metal surface, the E in wave may be enough to kick out surface e-. Materials that emit e- in this way are called photoemissive. The ejected e- are called photoelectrons. Phet observations • • • • • Use higher Amplitude/Intensity/brightness – more e- fly off w same speed. Current increases (A, C/s) Increased f e- fly off faster w higher KE. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric Classical Mechanics cannot explain why increasing A or exposure time does not increase photoemission. After all: • Boat would be tossed higher & faster with increased wave amplitude. • But not ejected e-. Einstein: Maybe EM waves quantized too – photons. • Increasing f, increases E of each photon. • Increasing Intensity (A) increases number of photons hitting more e- so more fly out. • Envision EM as little chucks. High f are heavier. • http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric Photoemission only works with metals with weakly bound e-. Each metal, has a threshold frequency fo = lowest f that will free an e-. Light frequencies below the fo eject no e-, no matter how intense or bright the light. Light frequencies above the fo eject e-, no matter how low the A (how dim). A metal has a threshold frequency fo in the blue light range. 1. What will happen if very bright red light is shone upon the metal? a) No e- will be emitted b) more e- will be emitted c) The emitted e- will have less energy. Einstein confirmed EM waves come in quanta or photons, each has E =hf. Higher-frequency photons have more E, so they can knock out e- & make the e- fly out faster with greater KE. 2. A metal has a threshold frequency in the blue light range. What will happen if UV light is shone upon the metal? a) nothing b) the emitted e- will have more energy (KE) c) more e- will be emitted with the same energy. Increasing the intensity/ampl, increases the rate of e- emission or the current; the number of e- ejected, but each e- won’t gain any extra energy. Only increased f increases E of photoelectrons. A metal has a threshold frequency in the blue light range. 3. What will happen if the blue light is made twice as bright? a) nothing b) the emitted e- will have more energy (KE) c) more e- will be emitted with the same energy. All EM waves can be described as quanta or photons. The energy carried by photons is: Ephoton = hf or Ephoton = hc/l. (for photon traveling at speed of light). This energy is absorbed by photo-emissive materials. The min. frequency to free e- is fo. The min energy needed to free an eis called work function Wo, or F. Metals have low Wo. 4. A certain metal has a work function (Wo) of 1.7 eV. If photons of energy 3.0 eV are absorbed by the metal: • a) No e- will be emitted at that energy. • b) More e- will be emitted than would be at the Wo. • c) Higher KE e- will be emitted than would be at Wo. Summary: • • • • • • • • • • EM waves as chunks of energy/photons travel at c. Calculate the Energy J E = hf, or E = hc/l. Evidence for photons – from Photoelectric Effect Experiment – f not A responsible for KE of ejected e-. High f = high E, photon. High A = high number of photons. Photo-emissive materials have: fo = min f to eject e- (Hz) Wo= min E to eject e- (J) Read Txt 830-835 Intro to Modern Physics Packet #1-14 Graph of Photoelectric Experiment • KE of photoelectron vs. frequency. max KE of photo e- vs. f for metal. As f of EM wave increases, KE increases, slope = h. F (work function), is minimum energy needed to eject e-. Work function State the work function & threshold frequency of this metal eV 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 x 1014 Hz 7 8 Wo & fo. The threshold frequency fo, = min frequency needed to eject e- so the min energy needed, Wo in J is: Wo = hfo. Any photon E left over after the work function, goes into KE of e-. 5. A particular metal has a threshold frequency fo, of 5 x 1014 Hz. What is its work function Wo in J & eV? Wo = hfo. 3.3 x 10-19 J 2.07 eV • Ephoton = hf is the total E available. • Absorbed photon E splits between Wo & KE photo e-, so total E of absorbed by e- is: • Epho = Wo + KE. • The maximum KE of ejected e- is: • KEelc = Epho – Wo. • Don’t forget Wo = hfo. 6: Photoelectric Effect: Light having f = 1 x 1015 hz shines on a sodium surface. The photoelectrons have a maximum KE of 3 x 10-19 J. Find the threshold frequency for sodium. Photon Photoelectron. Etot = Wo + KE. Etot – KE = Wo. hf – KE = hfo. fo = (hfphoton – KEmax) (h) change eV to Joules: (1.86 eV) (1.6 x 10-19 J/eV) = 2.85 x 10-19 J fo = (hfphoton – KEmax)/(h) (6.63 x 10-34 Js)(1 x 1015 hz) - (2.85 x 10-19 J) (6.63 x 10-34 Js) fo = 5.5 x 1014 Hz. Below this frequency no electrons will be ejected. In 1913-1914, R.A. Millikan did a series of extremely careful experiments involving the photoelectric effect. He found that all of his results agreed exactly with Einstein's predictions about photons, not with the wave theory. Einstein actually won the Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric effect, not for his more famous theory of relativity. Some experimental results, like this one, seem to prove that light consists of particles; others insist, that it's waves. We can only conclude that light is somehow both a wave and a particle--or that it's something else we can't quite visualize, which appears to us as one or the other depending on how we look at it. Reg Hwk Intro Photoelectric Effect Packet • Hwk Text 834 – 837 • Do photo elec packet Light Fantastic BBC part 3 58 min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuGjo9 oNqao Review of photoelec w german accent 4.11 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpcWc5 KLVRo • Photoelectric Effect Explained 6 min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qKrOF -gJZ4 Particle Properties of Waves extend to conservation of energy and momentum. Photons may give up all or part of their energy in collisions, but the sum of the momentums and energy before must equal the sum after. Compton Effect If light behaves like a particle, then a collision btw photon & e- should be similar to billiard balls colliding. Photons must have momentum (p), & energy. In collision of photons with particles (like e-), conservation of energy & conservation of momentum apply. If the photon gives only part of its energy & momentum to an e-, its momentum decreases after the collision by the same amount as absorbed by the electron. Therefore, the frequency or energy of the photon decreases. The wavelength increases. pbefore = pafter. E photon before = KEelc after. + E photon after hfi = KEelc after + hff photon after pphoton = hf/c = h/l. The wavelength of the photon increases after collision. Matter has wave-like properties. 1924 Louis DeBroglie suggested that since waves had particle properties, matter might have wave properties. It turns out that matter does have wave properties which are inversely related to the momentum of the particle. For matter: l =h/p or l = h/mv. Since the mass of most objects is so large, the wavelengths would be very small & not measurable. Electrons, however, do show diffraction & other wave characteristics.