CE 533 - ECONOMIC DECISION ANALYSIS IN CONSTRUCTION CHP IV-PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS By Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ÖZTAŞ Gaziantep University Department of Civil Engineering CHP IV-PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS TOPICS Formulating Alternatives PW of Equal-Life Alternatives PW of Different-Life alternatives Future Worth Analysis Capitalized Cost Analysis Independent projects Payback Period CE533 - PW Analysis 2 / 68 4.1 FORMULATING MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVES Viable firms/organizations have the capability to generate potential beneficial projects for potential investment Two types of investment categories Mutually Exclusive Set Independent Project Set CE533 - PW Analysis 3 / 68 4.1 FORMULATING MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVES Mutually Exclusive set is where a candidate set of alternatives exist (more than one) Objective: Pick one and only one from the set. Once selected, the remaining alternatives are excluded. CE533 - PW Analysis 4 / 68 4.1 INDEPENDENT PROJECT SET Given a set of alternatives (more than one) The objective is to: Select the best possible combination of projects from the set that will optimize a given criteria. Subjects to constraints More difficult problem than the mutually exclusive approach CE533 - PW Analysis 5 / 68 4.1 FORMULATING MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVES Mutually exclusive alternatives compete with each other. Independent alternatives may or may not compete with each other The independent project selection problem deals with constraints and may require a mathematical programming or bundling technique to evaluate. CE533 - PW Analysis 6 / 68 4.1 Type of Alternatives Alternative’s CF are classified as revenue-based or cost-based Revenue/Cost – the alternatives consist of cash inflow and cash outflows Select the alternative with the maximum economic value Service – the alternatives consist mainly of cost elements Select the alternative with the minimum economic value (min. cost alternative) CE533 - PW Analysis 7 / 68 4.1 Evaluating Alternatives Part of Engineering Economy is the selection and execution of the best alternative from among a set of feasible alternatives Alternatives must be generated from within the organization One of the roles of engineers! CE533 - PW Analysis 8 / 68 4.1 Evaluating Alternatives In part, the role of the engineer to properly evaluate alternatives from a technical and economic view Must generate a set of feasible alternatives to solve a specific problem/concern CE533 - PW Analysis 9 / 68 4.1 Alternatives Do Nothing Analysis Alt. 1 Problem Alt. 2 Alt. m If there are m investment proposals, we can form up to 2m mutuallyCE533 exclusive alternatives. - PW Analysis This includes DN option. Selection Execution 10 / 68 4.1 Alternatives: The Selected Alternative Problem Alt. Selected Execution Audit and Track Selection is dependent upon the data, life, discount rate, and assumptions made. CE533 - PW Analysis 11 / 68 4.2 Present Worth Approach Equal-Lifes Simple – Transform all of the current and future estimated cash flow back to a point in time (time t = 0) Have to have a discount rate before the analysis in started Result is in equivalent dollars now! CE533 - PW Analysis 12 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD A process of obtaining the equivalent worth of future cash flows to some point in time – called the Present Worth At an interest rate usually equal to or greater than the Organization’s established MARR. CE533 - PW Analysis 13 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD P(i%) = P( + cash flows) + P( - cash flows) OR, . . . P(i%) = P(+) – P(-). CE533 - PW Analysis 14 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD If P(i%) > 0 then the project is deemed acceptable. If P(i%) < 0 the project is usually rejected. If P(i%) = 0 Present worth of costs = Present worth of revenues – Indifferent! CE533 - PW Analysis 15 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD If the present worth of a project turns out to = “0,” that means the project earned exactly the discount rate that was used to discount the cash flows! The interest rate that causes a cash flow’s NPV to equal “0” is called the Rate of Return of the cash flow! CE533 - PW Analysis 16 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD For P(i%) > 0, the following holds true: A positive present worth is a dollar amount of "profit" over the minimum amount required by the investors (owners). CE533 - PW Analysis 17 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD – Depends upon the Discount Rate Used The present worth is purely a function of the MARR (the discount rate one uses). If one changes the discount rate, a different present worth will result. CE533 - PW Analysis 18 / 68 4.2 THE PRESENT WORTH METHOD For P(i%) > 0, the following holds true: Acceptance or rejection of a project is a function of the timing and magnitude of the project's cash flows, and the choice of the discount rate. CE533 - PW Analysis 19 / 68 4.2 PRESENT WORTH: Special Applications Present Worth of Equal Lived Alternatives Alternatives with unequal lives: Beware Capitalized Cost Analysis Require knowledge of the discount rate before we conduct the analysis CE533 - PW Analysis 20 / 68 4.2 PRESENT WORTH: Equal Lives Present Worth of Equal Lived Alternatives – straightforward Compute the Present Worth of each alternative and select the best, i.e., smallest if cost and largest if profit. CE533 - PW Analysis 21 / 68 4.2 Equal Lives – Straightforward! Given two or more alternatives with equal lives…. Alt. 1 Alt. 2 N = for all alternatives Alt. N Find PW(i%) for each alternative then compare CE533 - PW Analysis 22 / 68 4.2 PRESENT WORTH: Example Consider: Machine A Machine B First Cost $2,500 $3,500 Annual Operating Cost 900 700 Salvage Value 200 350 Life 5 years 5 years i = 10% per year Which alternative should we select? CE533 - PW Analysis 23 / 68 4.2 PRESENT WORTH: Cash Flow Diagram F5=$200 MA 0 1 2 3 4 A = $900 $2,500 F5=$350 MB 0 $3,500 5 1 2 3 4 5 A = $700 Which alternative should we select? CE533 - PW Analysis 24 / 68 4.2 PRESENT WORTH: Solving PA = 2,500 + 900 (P|A, .10, 5) – 200 (P|F, .01, 5) = 2,500 + 900 (3.7908) - 200 (.6209) = 2,500 + 3,411.72 - 124.18 = $5,788 PB = 3,500 + 700 (P|A, .10, 5) – 350 (P|F, .10, 5) = 3,500 + 2,653.56 - 217.31 = $5,936 SELECT MACHINE A: Lower PW cost! CE533 - PW Analysis 25 / 68 4.2 Present Worth of Bonds Often corporations or government obtain investment capital for projects by selling bonds. A good application of PW method is the evaluation of a bond purchase alternative. If PW < 0 at MARR, do-nothing alternative is selected. A bond is similar to an IOU for time periods such as 5, 10, 20 or more years. CE533 - PW Analysis 26 / 68 4.2 Present Worth of Bonds Each bond has a face value V of $100, $1000, $5000 or more that is fully returned to the purchaser when the bond maturity is reached. Additionaly, bond provide the purchaser with periodic interest payments I (bond dividends) using the bond coupon (interest) b, and c, the number of payment periods per year. CE533 - PW Analysis 27 / 68 4.2 Bonds – Notation and Example (Bond face value)(bond coupon rate) V.b I = ------------------------------------------ = ---number of payments per year c At the time of purchase, the bond may sell for more or less than face value. Example: V = $5,000 (face value) b = 4.5% per year paid semiannually c = 10 years CE533 - PW Analysis 28 / 68 4.2 PW Bonds – Example – Continued The interest the firm would pay to the current bondholder is calculated as: 0.045 I $5, 000( ) $5, 000(0.0225) 2 I $112.50 every 6 months The bondholder, buys the bond and will receive $112.50 every 6 months for the life of the bond CE533 - PW Analysis 29 / 68 4.2 Example 4.2 Ayşe has some extra money, requires safe investment. Her employer is offering to employees a generous 5% discount for 10year 5000 YTL bonds tat carry a coupon rate of 6% paid semiannually. The expectation is to match her return on other safe investments, which have averaged 6.7% per year compounded semiannually. (This is an effective rate of 6.81% per year). Should Ayşe buy the bond? CE533 - PW Analysis 30 / 68 4.2 Example 4.2 – Cash-Flow Diagram $5,000 i=3.35% A = 150 0 P=?? 1 2 3 4 …. ….. 19 20 Find the PW(3.35%) of the future cash flows to the potential bond buyer CE533 - PW Analysis 31 / 68 4.2 Example 4.2 – Solving I = (5000)(0.06)/2 = 150 YTL every 6 months for a total of n=20 dividend payments. The semiannual MARR is 6.7/2 = 3.35%, and the purchase price now is – 5000(0.95)= -4750 YTL. Using PW evaluation: PW = -4750 + 150(P/A, 3.35%, 20) + 5000(P/F, 3.35%, 20) = - 2.13 YTL <0 Effective rate is slightly less than 6.81% per year since PW<0. She sould not buy. CE533 - PW Analysis 32 / 68 4.3 Present Worth Analysis of Different-Life Alternatives In an analysis one cannot effectively compare the PW of one alternative with a study period different from another alternative that does not have the same study period. This is a basic rule! CE533 - PW Analysis 33 / 68 4.3 PRESENT WORTH: Unequal Lives If the alternatives have different lifes, there are 2 ways to use PW analysis to compare alternatives: A) The lowest common Multiple (LCM) B) Study period (planning horizon) CE533 - PW Analysis 34 / 68 4.3 PRESENT WORTH: Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of Lives If the alternatives have different study periods, you find the lowest common life for all of the alternatives in question. Example: {3,4, and 6} years. The lowest common life (LCM) is 12 years. Evaluate all over 12 years for a PW analysis. CE533 - PW Analysis 35 / 68 4.3 PRESENT WORTH: Example Unequal Lives EXAMPLE Machine A Machine B First Cost $11,000 $18,000 Annual Operating Cost 3,500 3,100 Salvage Value 1,000 2,000 Life 6 years 9 years i = 15% per year Note: Where costs dominate a problem it is customary to assign a positive value to cost and negative to inflows CE533 - PW Analysis 36 / 68 4.3 PRESENT WORTH: Example Unequal Lives A common mistake is to compute the present worth of the 6-year project and compare it to the present worth of the 9-year project. NO! NO! NO! CE533 - PW Analysis 37 / 68 4.3 PRESENT WORTH: Unequal Lives Machine A 0 1 2 F6=$1,000 3 4 5 6 A 1-6 0 1 F6=$2,000 =$3,500 $11,000 2 Machine B 3 4 A 5 6 7 8 9 1-9 =$3,100 i = 15% per year $18,000 LCM(6,9) = 18 year study period will apply for present worth CE533 - PW Analysis 38 / 68 4.3 Unequal Lives: 2 Alternatives Machine A 6 years 6 years Cycle 1 for A Cycle 2 for A 6 years Cycle 3 for A Machine B 9 years 9 years Cycle 1 for B Cycle 2 for B 18 years i = 15% per year LCM(6,9) = 18 year study period will apply for present worth CE533 - PW Analysis 39 / 68 4.3 Example: Unequal Lives Solving LCM = 18 years Calculate the present worth of a 6-year cycle for A PA = 11,000 + 3,500 (P|A, .15, 6) – 1,000 (P|F, .15, 6) = 11,000 + 3,500 (3.7845) – 1,000 (.4323) = $23,813, which occurs at time 0, 6 and 12 CE533 - PW Analysis 40 / 68 4.3 Example: Unequal Lives Machine A 0 6 $23,813 12 $23,813 18 $23,813 PA= 23,813+23,813 (P|F, .15, 6)+ 23,813 (P|F, .15, 12) = 23,813 + 10,294 + 4,451 = 38,558 CE533 - PW Analysis 41 / 68 4.3 Unequal Lives Example: Machine B Calculate the Present Worth of a 9-year cycle for B F6=$2,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A 1-9 =$3,100 $18,000 CE533 - PW Analysis 42 / 68 4.3 9-Year Cycle for B Calculate the Present Worth of a 9-year cycle for B PB = 18,000+3,100(P|A, .15, 9) – 1,000(P|F, .15, 9) = 18,000 + 3,100(4.7716) - 1,000(.2843) = $32,508 which occurs at time 0 and 9 CE533 - PW Analysis 43 / 68 4.3 Alternative B – 2 Cycles Machine A: PW =$38,558 0 9 $32,508 18 $32,508 PB = 32,508 + 32,508 (P|F, .15, 9) = 32,508 + 32,508(.2843) PB = $41,750 Choose Machine A CE533 - PW Analysis 44 / 68 4.3 Unequal Lives – Assumed Study Period Study Period Approach Assume alternative: 1 with a 5-year life Alternative: 2 with a 7-year life Alt-1: N = 5 yrs LCM = 35 yrs Alt-2: N= 7 yrs Could assume a study period of, say, 5 years. CE533 - PW Analysis 45 / 68 4.3 Unequal Lives – Assumed Study Period Assume a 5-yr. Study period Estimate a salvage value for the 7-year project at the end of t = 5 Truncate the 7-yr project to 5 years Alt-1: N = 5 yrs Now, evaluate both over 5 years using the PW method! Alt-2: N= 7 yrs CE533 - PW Analysis 46 / 68 FUTURE WORTH APPROACH FW(i%) is an extension of the present worth method Compound all cash flows forward in time to some specified time period using (F/P), (F/A),… factors or, Given P, the F = P(1+i)N CE533 - PW Analysis 47 / 68 Applications of Future Worth Projects that do not come on line until the end of the investment period Commercial Buildings Marine Vessels Power Generation Facilities Public Works Projects Key – long time periods involving construction activities CE533 - PW Analysis 48 / 68 Life Cycle Costs (LCC) Extension of the Present Worth method Used for projects over their entire life span where cost estimates are employed Used for: Buildings (new construction or purchase) New Product Lines Commercial aircraft New automobile models Defense systems CE533 - PW Analysis 49 / 68 Life Cycle: Two General Phases Cost-$ Cumulative Life Cycle Costs Acquisition Phase Operation Phase CE533 - PW Analysis TIME 50 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST ANALYSIS CAPITALIZED COST- the present worth of a project that lasts forever. Government Projects Roads, Dams, Bridges (projects that possess perpetual life) Infinite analysis period CE533 - PW Analysis 51 / 68 4.4 Derivation for Capitalized Cost Start with the closed form for the P/A factor (1 i) 1 P A N i(1 i) N Next, let N approach infinity and divide the numerator and denominator by (1+i)N CE533 - PW Analysis 52 / 68 4.4 Derivation - Continued Dividing by (1+i)N yields 1 1 (1 i ) N P A i Now, let n approach infinity and the right hand side reduces to…. CE533 - PW Analysis 53 / 68 4.4 Derivation - Continued 1 A P A i i Or, CC(i%) = A/i CE533 - PW Analysis 54 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST Assume you are called on to maintain a cemetery site forever if the interest rate = 4% and $50/year is required to maintain the site. 1 2 3 4 5 .. ………………….. N=inf. A=$50/yr P=? Find the PW of an infinite annuity flow CE533 - PW Analysis 55 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST P0 = $50[1/0.04] P0 = $50[25] = $1,250.00 Invest $1,250 into an account that earns 4% per year will yield $50 of interest forever if the fund is not touched and the i-rate stays constant. CE533 - PW Analysis 56 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST: Endowments Assume a wealthy donor wants to endow a chair in an engineering department. The fund should supply the department with $200,000 per year for a deserving faculty member. How much will the donor have to come up with to fund this chair if the interest rate = 8%/yr. CE533 - PW Analysis 57 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST: Endowed Chair The department needs $200,000 per year. P = $200,000/0.08 = $2,500,000 If $2,500,000 is invested at 8% then the interest per year = $200,000 The $200,000 is transferred to the department, but the principal sum stays in the investment to continue to generate the required $200,000 CE533 - PW Analysis 58 / 68 4.4 Capitalized Cost Example EXAMPLE Calculate the Capitalized Cost of a project that has an initial cost of $150,000. The annual operating cost is $8,000 for the first 4 years and $5000 thereafter. There is an recurring $15,000 maintenance cost each 15 years. Interest is 15% per year. CE533 - PW Analysis 59 / 68 4.4 Cash Flow Diagram “i”=15%/YR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 30 ……… $4,000 $8,000 $150,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 N= How much $$ at t = 0 is required to fund this project? The capitalized cost is the total amount of $ at t = 0, when invested at the interest rate, will provide annual interest that covers the future needs of the project. CE533 - PW Analysis 60 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST - Example Continued 1. Consider $4,000 of the $8,000 cost for the first four years to be a one-time cost, leaving a $4,000 annual operating cost forever. 2.855 P0= 150,000 + 4,000 (P|A, .15, 4) = $161,420 CE533 - PW Analysis 61 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST - Continued Recurring annual cost is $4,000 plus the equivalent annual of the 15,000 end-ofcycle cost. 0 15 30 45 ……. 60 …….. Take any 15-year period and find the equivalent annuity for that period using the F/A factor. CE533 - PW Analysis 62 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST: One Cycle Take any 15-year period and find the equivalent annuity for that period using the F/A factor 0 15 30 45 ……. 60 …….. $15,000 A for a 15-year period CE533 - PW Analysis 63 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST 2. Recurring annual cost is $4,000 plus the equivalent annual of the 15,000 end-of-cycle cost. A= 4,000 + 15,000 (A|F, .15, 15) = 4,000 + 15000 (.0210) = $5,315 Recurring costs = $5,315/i = 5,315/0.15 =$35,443/yr CE533 - PW Analysis 64 / 68 4.4 CAPITALIZED COST Capitalized Cost = 161,420 + 5315/.15 = $196,853 Thus, if one invests $196,853 at time t = 0, then the interest at 15% will supply the end-of-year cash flow to fund the project so long as the principal sum is not reduced or the interest rate changes (drops). CE533 - PW Analysis 65 / 68 Another Example A wealthy businessman wants to start a permanent fund for supporting research directed toward sustainability. The donor plans to give equal amounts of money for each of the next 5 years, plus one now(i.e six donations) so that $100,000 per year can be withdrawn each year forever, beginning in year 6. If the fund earns interest at a rate of 8% per year, how much money must be donated each time? CE533 - PW Analysis 66 / 68 4.6 USING EXCEL FOR PW ANALYSIS General format to determine the PW is; PW = P – PV (i%,n,A,F) When different-life alternatives are evaluated using LCM; develop NPV function PW = P + NPV(i%,year_1_CF_cell:last_year_CF_cell) CE533 - PW Analysis 67 / 68 Summary: Present Worth • PW represents a family of methods • Annual worth • Future Worth • Capitalized Cost • Life-cycle cost analysis – application • Bond Problems – application CE533 - PW Analysis 68 / 68 End of Chapter 4 CE533 - PW Analysis 69 / 68