CONTENTS
• Principles and Methods of Electric Power
Conversion
• Semiconductor Power Switches
• Supplementary Components and Systems
• AC-to-DC Converters
• AC-to-AC Converters
• DC-to-DC Converters
• DC-to-AC Converters
• Switching Power Supplies
• Power Electronics and Clean Energy
Chapter 1
2
Chapter 1
Principles and Methods of
Electric Power Conversion
“Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley 2010
by
Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski
3
DC
DC
IN
V
R
ER
T
ER
I
F
TI
C
E
ER
S
S
CYCLOCONVERTERS
AC
AC
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS
ADJUSTABLE MAGNITUDE AND/OR FREQUENCY
CHOPPERS
OUTPUT
CONSTANT MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY
INPUT
Types of electric power conversion
Fig. 1.1
Chapter 1
4
Generic power converter
I1
ii
SOURCE
S1
O1
io
S3
vi
S4
S5
vo
LOAD
S2
I2
O2
Fig. 1.2
Chapter 1
5
AC input voltage waveform
Vi,p
0
vi
2
4
t
-Vi,p
Fig. 1.3
Chapter 1
6
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic rectifier
vo
io
0
2
t
4
vi
Fig. 1.4
Chapter 1
7
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic inverter
vo
vi
io
0
2
4
t
Fig. 1.5
Chapter 1
8
SOURCE
CONVERTER
LOAD
Configurations of power electronic converters:
(a) current-source, (b) voltage-source
SOURCE
CONVERTER
LOAD
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.6
Chapter 1
9
Decomposition of the output voltage waveform
in the generic rectifier
vo
vo,dc
vo,ac
0
2
t
4
Fig. 1.7
Chapter 1
10
Decomposition of the output current waveform
in the generic rectifier
io
io,dc
io,ac
0
2
4
t
Fig. 1.8
Chapter 1
11
Decomposition of the output voltage waveform
in the generic inverter
vo,1
vo
vo,h
0
2
4
t
Fig.1.9
Chapter 1
12
Decomposition of the output current waveform
in the generic inverter
io,1
io
io,h
0
2
4
t
Fig. 1.10
Chapter 1
13
Input current waveform and Its fundamental
component in the generic inverter
ii,1
ii
0
2
4
t
Fig. 1.11
Chapter 1
14
Resistive control schemes: (a)
control, (b) potentiometric control
Ii
rheostatic
Io
R rh
Vi
Vo
R
(a)
Ii
Io
Vi
Vo
Rpot
R
Ipot
(b)
Fig. 1.12
Chapter 1
15
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic rectifier with the firing angle of 90𝑜
vo
io
0
t
f
2
4
vi
Fig. 1.13
Chapter 1
16
Control characteristic of the phase-controlled
generic rectifier
1.0
MAGNITUDE CONTROL RATIO
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
FIRING ANGLE (deg)
Fig. 1.14
Chapter 1
17
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic AC voltage controller with the firing
angle of 90𝑜
vo
io
0
2
4
f
t
vi
Fig. 1.15
Chapter 1
18
Control characteristic of the phase-controlled
generic AC voltage controller
1.0
MAGNITUDE CONTROL RATIO
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
FIRING ANGLE (deg)
Fig. 1.16
Chapter 1
19
Harmonic spectra of output voltage with the
firing angle of 90𝑜 in: (a) phase-controlled
generic rectifier, (b) phase-controlled generic AC
voltage controller
1
AMPLITUDE (pu)
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0
10
20
30
40
50
40
50
HARMONIC NUMBER
(a)
1
AMPLITUDE (pu)
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0
10
20
30
HARMONIC NUMBER
(b)
Fig. 1.17
Chapter 1
20
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic chopper
vo
vi
io
tON tOFF
t
0
Fig. 1.18
Chapter 1
21
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic chopper: switching frequency twice as
high as in the previous figure
vo
vi
io
t
0
Fig. 1.19
Chapter 1
22
Output voltage and current waveforms in (a)
generic PWM rectifier, (b) generic PWM ac
voltage controller
Fig. 1.20
Chapter 1
23
Control characteristics of (a) generic PWM
rectifier, (b) generic PWM ac voltage controller
Fig. 1.21
Chapter 1
24
Harmonic spectra of output voltage in (a)
generic PWM rectifier, (b) generic PWM ac
voltage controller (N = 24)
Fig. 1.22
Chapter 1
25
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic PWM inverter (a) M = 1, (b) M = 0.5
vo
vi
io
t
0
(a)
vo
vi
io
t
0
(b)
Fig. 1.23
Chapter 1
26
RL load circuit
io
R
vo
L
Fig. 1.24
Chapter 1
27
Fragments of
waveforms in
controller
output voltage and current
a generic PWM ac voltage
Fig. 1.25
Chapter 1
28
Single-pulse diode rectifier
ii
io
Vi
Vo
Fig. 1.26
Chapter 1
29
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
single-pulse diode rectifier with an R load
vo
io
0
2
3
4
t
Fig. 1.27
Chapter 1
30
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
single-pulse diode rectifier with an RL load
vo
io
0
e
2
3
4
t
Fig. 1.28
Chapter 1
31
Single-pulse diode rectifier with a free-wheeling
diode
ii
io
Vi
DF
Vo
Fig. 1.29
Chapter 1
32
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
single-pulse diode rectifier with a freewheeling
diode and an RL load
vo
io
0
2
3
4
t
Fig. 1.30
Chapter 1
33
Single-pulse diode rectifier with an output
capacitor
ii
io
iC
Vi
Vo
Fig. 1.31
Chapter 1
34
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
single-pulse diode rectifier with an output
capacitor and an RL load
vo
iC
0
2
4
6
t
vi
Fig. 1.32
Chapter 1
35
Two-pulse diode rectifier
Vi
ii
io
D1
D4
vo
D3
D2
Fig. 1.33
Chapter 1
36
Output voltage waveform in
cycloconverter in Example 1.1
the
generic
200
150
100
vo (V)
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
t (ms)
Fig. 1.34
Chapter 1
37
Timing diagram of switches in the generic
cycloconverter in Example 1.1
Fig. 1.35
Chapter 1
38
Voltage ripple factor versus firing angle in the
generic rectifier in Example 1.3
15
RIPPLE FACTOR
12
9
6
3
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
FIRING ANGLE (deg)
Fig. 1.36
Chapter 1
39
Output voltage and current waveforms in the
generic PWM rectifier in Example 1.5
100
200
160
80
120
60
80
40
io (A)
vo (V)
vo
io
40
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
t (ms)
Fig. 1.37
Chapter 1
40