Accumulation & Functions Defined by Integrals Lin McMullin Accumulation & Functions Defined by Integrals Or Thoughts on f t f a f x dx t a My Favorite Equation! f t f a f x dx t a The goals of the AP Calculus program include the statement, “Students should understand the definite integral … as the net accumulation of change….”[1] The Topical Outline includes the topic the “definite integral of the rate of change of a quantity over an interval interpreted as the [net] change of the quantity over the interval: b a f x dx f b f a ” f t f a f x dx t a Final Value = Starting Value + Accumulated Change f t f a f x dx t a f t f a f x dx t a Final Position = Initial Position + Displacement v t s t s t s a v x dx t a f t f a f x dx t a The first time you saw this …. y x y0 m dt x x0 f t f a f x dx t a The first time you saw this …. y x y0 m dt x x0 x y0 m dt x0 f t f a f x dx t a The first time you saw this …. y x y0 m dt x x0 x y0 m dt x0 y0 m t x x 0 f t f a f x dx t a The first time you saw this …. y x y0 m dt x x0 x y0 m dt x0 y0 m t x x 0 y y0 m x x0 f t f a f x dx t a y mx b f t f a f x dx t a y mx b f t f a f x dx t a AP Example from 1997 BC 89 x2 If f is an antiderivative of 5 such that f (1) = 0 1 x Then f (4) = x2 f 4 f 1 dx 0.376 5 1 1 x 4 x2 f 4 f 1 dx 5 1 1 x 4 f t f a f x dx t a AP Example from 2008 AB 7 A particle moves along the x-axis with velocity given by v t 3t 2 6t for time t 0 . If the particle is at the position x = 2 at time t = 0, what is the position of the particle at time t = 1? x 1 2 3t 6t dt 2 t 3t 1 0 2 3 2 1 0 24 6 f t f a f x dx t a AP Example from 2008 AB 87 An object traveling in a straight line has position x(t) at time t. If the initial position is x(0) = 2 and the velocity of the object is v t 1 t , what is 3 2 the position of the object at t = 3? x 3 2 3 0 3 1 t 2 dt 2 4.51153 6.512 f t f a f x dx t a AP Example from 2008 AB 81 If G(x) is an antiderivative for f (x) and G(2) = -7, then G(4) = (A) f ´(4) (D) (B) -7 + f ´(4) 7 f t dt 4 2 f t dt 4 (C) 2 (E) 7 2 f t dt 4 f t f a f x dx t a A quick look at some free-response questions 2000 AB 4 2008 AB2 / BC2 (d) 2008 AB 3 (c) 2008 AB4 / BC 4 (a) f t f a f x dx t a A quick look at some free-response questions 2010 AB 1 (a, c, d) 2010 AB 2 (c) 2010 AB 3 (a,d) 2010 AB 5 (a) f t f a f x dx t a 2009 AB 6 for 4 x 0 g x f x x /3 5e 3 for 0 x 4 M The x-intercepts are x = - 2 and x = 3ln(5/3) = M With the initial condition f (0) = 5 f t f a f x dx t a f (0) = 5 M Find f (4) f 4 f 0 5e x /3 3 dx 4 0 5 15e x /3 3x 8 15e 4/3 4 0 f t f a f x dx t a f (0) = 5 M Find f (-4) 4 f 4 f 0 g x dx 0 f 0 g x dx 0 4 5 8 2 2 3 f t f a f x dx t a f (0) = 5 M Find f (-4) 0 4 f 0 f 4 g x dx 5 f 4 8 2 5 8 2 f 4 f 4 2 3 f t f a f x dx t a Find the x-coordinate of the absolute maximum value and justify your answer. M = 3ln(5/3) M f t f a f x dx t a f M f 4 M 4 f x dx and since f ´(x) ≥ 0 on [-4, M ] it follows that f (M) > f (-4). M f t f a f x dx t a f 4 f M 5𝑒 −𝑥 3 4 M 5e x /3 3 dx and since on [M, 4] − 3 0 it follows that f (M) > f (4) M f t f a f x dx t a Since M is the only critical number in the interval [-4, 4] and f (M) > f (-4) and f (M) > f (4), x = M is the location of the absolute maximum value by the Candidates’ Test. M Lin McMullin E-mail: lnmcmullin@aol.com Blog: TeachingCalculus.wordpress.com Website: www.LinMcMullin.net Click on AP Calculus