ISCP2010
Symposium 1:
What is animal intelligence?
- Ability to generate novel adaptive behavior in
humans and animals -
Tohru Moriyama, Masao Migita, Shin Maruyama,
Nobuhiro Furuyama
1. Timetable
Presentations
10:10-10:30 Tohru Moriyama (Pill bug)
10:30-10:50 Masao Migita (Starfish)
10:50-11:10 Shin Maruyama (Human)
Discussion and Questions
11:10-11:30 Nobuhiro Furuyama
2. Problem
Problem-solving experiment: good method.
Animal that can solve problem also solved by
human cannot always be called intelligent.
Pill bug,
Armadillidium vulgare,
Isopoda, Crustacea
“Thinking”
Different
mechanisms
“Mechanical process”
Pill bug
3. Mechanical process and conventional
adaptive behavior in pill bugs
Conventional adaptive behavior: Turn alternation
(Kupfermann, Anim. Behav., 1966)
Slow
Fast
Slow
Fast
Mechanical process:
Bilaterally asymmetrical leg movement
(BALM) (Hughes, Anim. Learn. Behav., 1985)
4. Question
How can we determine intelligence in such
mechanical animals?
5. Answer
Setting unfamiliar situation
6. Elicitation of novel adaptive behavior
Novel detouring
Sensing of
wall’s texture
(Moriyama, Int’l. J. Comp. Psychol., 1999)
7. Mechanism of elicitation of novel adaptive
behaviors
Stimuli sensed
Choose
Leg
movements
etc.
Ignore
Unfamiliar
situation
Wall’s texture
et
c.
Stimuli sensed
Choose
Leg
movements
Ignore
Wall’s texture
Autonomous
choice of
stimuli
Pill bug
Pill bug
Others
8. Autonomous choice of stimuli:
common mechanism for “us”
Stimuli sensed
Capacity
Choose
a, b, c, ・・・
Ignore
α β, γ, ・・・
Autonomous
choice of
stimuli
Human
or
animals
In consecutive T-maze (unfamiliar situation)
Intelligent
in encountering stimuli eliciting
novel adaptive behaviors
Common mechanism
Autonomous choice of
stimuli
Novel sensory organs in pill bugs:
artificial tubes attached to antennae
Tohru Moriyama
Young Researchers Empowerment Center,
Shinshu University
1. The antennae
flagellum
2. Problem-solving situation
?
3. Stair descent experiment
①
L (mm)
Rm (mm)
②
L: Body length
Rm: Maximum riser height
4. Results for normal antennae
rs= 0.325
rs= -0.470
Rm= 1.27*L
18
16
Rm (mm)
14
12
10
8
6
4
9.6
9.8
10
10.2
10.4
10.6
L (mm)
10.8
11
11.2
11.4
L ≤ 10.5 mm
L
1.27L
L > 10.5 mm
5. Unfamiliar situation
Teflon tube
clamped on
Short
Long
Can pill bugs use sense experienced
through the tube?
6. Results for antennae with tubes
Normal
Nude
a
b ab
a
Rm (mm)
14
12
Long
c
18
16
Short
b
10
b
b
a
a
a
a
b
a
b
8
6
4
2
10.2
10.5
10.8
L (mm)
11
11.2
7. Autonomous choice of stimuli
through antennae
Stimuli sensed
Capacity
Ignore
Choose
Sense at tip of
antennae
Sense from
tubes
Autonomous
choice of
stimuli
Pill bug
8. Novel adaptive behavior
Normal
Short
Long
Descent
Suspending descent
Artistic falling
Sense from tubes
Sensation at tips of tubes?
In humans:
Sensation at tips of invisible tools
(Yamamoto & Kitazawa, Nature, 2001)
Variant behaviors:
Turn alternation
Turn alternation
Variant
Variant
Variant
Variant
Variant
Variant
60
Frequency
50
Male
N=260, 11.55±0.08mm
40
30
20
10
0
8
8.5
9
9.5
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5
L (mm)
240
220
200
180
W (mg)
160
140
120
100
80
y = 2.1433x2 - 29.794x + 146.81
R² = 0.9288
60
40
20
0
8
9
10
11
12
13
L (mm)
14
15
16
17
Antennal cleaning apparatus situated on first
walking leg (Schmalfuss, J. Crust. Biol., 1998).