The Language Of Medicine th 9 edition Davi-Ellen Chabner Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 12 Respiratory System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter Goals Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function. Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system. Learn medical terms that pertain to respiration. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Chapter Goals (cont’d) Describe important clinical procedures related to the respiratory system, and recognize relevant abbreviations. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.1 Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Introduction External respiration: Exchange of air in lung capillaries oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs immediately passes into capillaries carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Introduction (cont’d) Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the cells occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Respiratory Anatomy Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Anatomy of Respiration Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Anatomy of Respiration (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Respiratory Structures Conduct air Nose Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Exchange gases Bronchioles Alveoli Lung capillaries Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Respiratory Flow Chart Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Respiratory Flow Chart (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Vocabulary adenoids alveolus (alveoli) apex of the lung base of the lung brochioles bronchus (bronchi) carbon dioxide Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Vocabulary (cont’d) cilia diaphragm epiglottis expiration glottis hilum inspiration larynx Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Vocabulary (cont’d) lobe mediastinum nares oxygen palatine tonsil paranasal sinus parietal pleura Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Vocabulary (cont’d) pharynx pleura pleural cavity pulmonary parenchyma respiration trachea visceral pleura Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 QUICK QUIZ: 1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung? A. base B. lobe C. apex D. nares Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/o bronchi/o bronchiol/o capn/o Meaning adenoids alveolus, air sac bronchial tube bronchus bronchiole, small bronchus carbon dioxide Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o mediastin/o Meaning dust blue epiglottis larynx, voice box lobe of the lung mediastinum Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form nas/o orth/o ox/o pector/o pharyng/o phon/o Meaning nose straight, upright oxygen chest pharynx, throat voice Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form phren/o pleur/o pneum/o pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o Meaning diaphragm pleura air, lung lung lung nose Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form sinus/o spir/o tel/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o Meaning sinus cavity breathing complete chest tonsils trachea, windpipe Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax condition smell breathing spitting pulse pleural cavity, chest Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.2 Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Diagnostic Terms auscultation percussion pleural rub rale (crackle) rhonchus sputum stridor wheeze Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Pathology Upper Respiratory Disorders croup diphtheria epistaxis pertussis Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Pathology (cont’d) Bronchial Tube Disorders asthma bronchiectasis chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Pathology (cont’d) Lung Disorders atelectasis emphysema lung cancer pneumoconiosis pneumonia pulmonary abscess pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism (PE) pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis tuberculosis (TB) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Pathology Lung Disorders Atelectasis • Two forms • Proximal obstruction of distal airways • Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in pleural cavity Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Pathology Pleural Disorders mesothelioma pleural effusion pleurisy (pleuritis) pneumothorax Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Pathology Pleural Disorders Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Study Section anthracosis asbestosis bacilli chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cor pulmonale exudate hydrothorax infiltrate palliative paroxysmal pulmonary infarction purulent silicosis Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.3 Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Clinical Procedures X-rays chest x-ray (CXR) computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest pulmonary angiography Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) X-rays: Radiographic imaging Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves create images Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Radioactive Tests Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung: Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Bronchioscopy: Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) laryngoscopy lung biopsy mediastinoscopy pulmonary function tests (PFTs) thoracotomy thorascopy tracheostomy tuberculin test tube thoracostomy Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Tracheostomy: Surgical creation of opening into the trachea through the neck Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Review Sheet COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/o bronchi/o bronchiol/o capn/o ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/o bronchi/o bronchiol/o capn/o Meaning adenoids alveolus; air sac; small sac bronchial tube bronchial tube bronchiole carbon dioxide Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o mediastin/o ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o mediastin/o Meaning dust blue epiglottis larynx (voice box) lobe mediastinum Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning nas/o orth/o ox/o pector/o pharyng/o phon/o __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form nas/o orth/o ox/o pector/o pharyng/o phon/o Meaning nose straight oxygen chest throat (pharynx) voice; sound Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning phren/o pleur/o pneum/o pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form phren/o pleur/o pneum/o pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o Meaning diaphragm; mind pleura lung; air; gas lung; air; gas lung nose Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning sinus/o spir/o tel/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form sinus/o spir/o tel/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o Meaning sinus to breathe complete chest tonsil trachea (windpipe) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Review Sheer (cont’d) SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 54 Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax condition smell breathing spitting pulse chest; pleural cavity Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 55