The Language Of
Medicine
th
9
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 12
Respiratory System
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter Goals



Name the organs of the respiratory system
and describe their location and function.
Identify various pathological conditions that
affect the system.
Learn medical terms that pertain to
respiration.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Chapter Goals (cont’d)


Describe important clinical procedures related
to the respiratory system, and recognize
relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such
as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.1
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5
Introduction
External respiration: Exchange of air in lung
capillaries



oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs
immediately passes into capillaries
carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air
sacs, to be exhaled
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Introduction (cont’d)
Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the
cells



occurs simultaneously between cells and
capillaries
oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the
tissues
carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into
the bloodstream to travel to the lungs
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Respiratory Anatomy


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Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea
divides into two branches
Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung
Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images
Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic
tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Anatomy of Respiration
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9
Anatomy of Respiration (cont’d)
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10
Respiratory Structures
Conduct air





Nose
Nasal cavities and
paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Exchange gases



Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lung capillaries
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11
Respiratory Flow Chart
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12
Respiratory Flow Chart
(cont’d)
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13
Vocabulary
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




adenoids
alveolus (alveoli)
apex of the lung
base of the lung
brochioles
bronchus (bronchi)
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Vocabulary (cont’d)

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




cilia
diaphragm
epiglottis
expiration
glottis
hilum
inspiration
larynx
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Vocabulary (cont’d)
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

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


lobe
mediastinum
nares
oxygen
palatine tonsil
paranasal sinus
parietal pleura
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
16
Vocabulary (cont’d)
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

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


pharynx
pleura
pleural cavity
pulmonary parenchyma
respiration
trachea
visceral pleura
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17
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the tip or uppermost
portion of the lung?
A. base
B. lobe
C. apex
D. nares
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18
Combining Forms
and Terminology
Combining Form






adenoid/o
alveol/o
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
capn/o
Meaning
adenoids
alveolus, air sac
bronchial tube
bronchus
bronchiole, small bronchus
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form






coni/o
cyan/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
mediastin/o
Meaning
dust
blue
epiglottis
larynx, voice box
lobe of the lung
mediastinum
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form






nas/o
orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
Meaning
nose
straight, upright
oxygen
chest
pharynx, throat
voice
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form






phren/o
pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o
Meaning
diaphragm
pleura
air, lung
lung
lung
nose
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form






sinus/o
spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
Meaning
sinus cavity
breathing
complete
chest
tonsils
trachea, windpipe
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
23
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Terminology
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
condition
smell
breathing
spitting
pulse
pleural cavity, chest
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24
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.2
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25
Diagnostic Terms
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auscultation
percussion
pleural rub
rale (crackle)
rhonchus
sputum
stridor
wheeze
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26
Pathology
Upper Respiratory Disorders
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


croup
diphtheria
epistaxis
pertussis
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27
Pathology (cont’d)
Bronchial Tube Disorders




asthma
bronchiectasis
chronic bronchitis
cystic fibrosis
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28
Pathology (cont’d)
Lung Disorders

atelectasis
 emphysema
 lung cancer
 pneumoconiosis
 pneumonia
 pulmonary abscess





pulmonary edema
pulmonary
embolism (PE)
pulmonary fibrosis
sarcoidosis
tuberculosis (TB)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
29
Pathology
Lung Disorders
Atelectasis
• Two forms
• Proximal
obstruction of
distal airways
• Accumulations of
fluid, blood, or air
in pleural cavity
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30
Pathology
Pleural Disorders




mesothelioma
pleural effusion
pleurisy (pleuritis)
pneumothorax
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31
Pathology
Pleural Disorders
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
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32
Study Section
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anthracosis
asbestosis
bacilli
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD)
cor pulmonale
exudate
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




hydrothorax
infiltrate
palliative
paroxysmal
pulmonary infarction
purulent
silicosis
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33
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.3
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
34
Clinical Procedures

X-rays



chest x-ray (CXR)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
pulmonary angiography
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
35
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
X-rays: Radiographic imaging
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
36
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Magnetic waves create images
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
37
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

Radioactive Tests


Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of
the lung:
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of
radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection
of different radioactive material for imaging
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
38
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Bronchioscopy: Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope
inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis,
biopsy, or collection of specimens
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
39
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from
mouth to trachea to establish airway
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
40
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)




laryngoscopy
lung biopsy
mediastinoscopy
pulmonary function
tests (PFTs)





thoracotomy
thorascopy
tracheostomy
tuberculin test
tube thoracostomy
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
41
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to
remove fluid from pleural space
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
42
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Tracheostomy: Surgical creation of
opening into the trachea through
the neck
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
43
Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
adenoid/o
alveol/o
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
capn/o
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
44
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






adenoid/o
alveol/o
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
capn/o
Meaning
adenoids
alveolus; air sac; small sac
bronchial tube
bronchial tube
bronchiole
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
45
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
coni/o
cyan/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
mediastin/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
46
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






coni/o
cyan/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
mediastin/o
Meaning
dust
blue
epiglottis
larynx (voice box)
lobe
mediastinum
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
47
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
nas/o
orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
48
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






nas/o
orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
Meaning
nose
straight
oxygen
chest
throat (pharynx)
voice; sound
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
49
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
phren/o
pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
50
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






phren/o
pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o
Meaning
diaphragm; mind
pleura
lung; air; gas
lung; air; gas
lung
nose
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
51
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
sinus/o
spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
52
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






sinus/o
spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
Meaning
sinus
to breathe
complete
chest
tonsil
trachea (windpipe)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
53
Review Sheer (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
54
Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix






Meaning
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
condition
smell
breathing
spitting
pulse
chest; pleural cavity
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
55