Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Anatomy and Physiology Review
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Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Lungs
Accessory muscles of respiration
Respiratory changes associated with aging
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Functions of the Respiratory
System
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Respiratory Membrane
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Respiratory Mucosa
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Role of the Respiratory System
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Patient History
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Collect history of patient data on family, personal, smoking, drug use, allergies, travel, place of residence, dietary history, occupational history, and socioeconomic level.
Pack-years of smoking —number of packs smoked per day multiplied by the number of years the patient has smoked.
Assess current health problems such as cough, sputum production, chest pain, and dyspnea.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Patient History (Cont’d)
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Drug use
Allergies
Travel and geographic area of residence
Nutritional status
Cough, sputum production, chest pain, dyspnea, PND, orthopnea
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Physical Assessment
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Assessment of the nose and sinuses
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Physical Assessment (Cont’d)
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Assessment of the pharynx, trachea, and larynx
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Physical Assessment (Cont’d)
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Assessment of the lungs and thorax
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Physical Assessment (Cont’d)
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Assessment of the lungs and thorax
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Other Indicators of Respiratory
Adequacy
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Clubbing
Weight loss
Unevenly developed muscles
Skin and mucous membrane changes
General appearance
Endurance
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Psychosocial Assessment
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Some respiratory problems may be worsened by stress.
Chronic respiratory disease may cause changes in family roles, social isolation, and financial problems due to unemployment or disability.
Discuss coping mechanisms and offer access to support systems.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Laboratory Tests
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Blood tests
Sputum tests
Radiographic examinations including standard chest x-rays, digital chest radiography, CT
Ventilation and perfusion scanning
Pulse oximetry
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Pulmonary Function Testing
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These tests evaluate lung volumes and capacities, flow rates, diffusion capacity, gas exchange, airway resistance, and distribution of ventilation.
Patient preparation.
Procedure for performing tests at the bedside.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Other Testing and Follow-Up Care
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Exercise testing
Skin testing
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Other Invasive Diagnostic Tests
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Endoscopic examinations
Thoracentesis —aspiration of pleural fluid or air from the pleural space:
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Patient preparation for stinging sensation and feeling of pressure
Correct position
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Motionless patient
Follow-up assessment for complications
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Thoracentesis
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Lung Biopsy
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Performed to obtain tissue for histologic analysis, culture, or cytologic examination.
Patient preparation.
May be performed in patient’s room.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Lung Biopsy (Cont’d)
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Follow-up care:
 Assess vital signs and breath sounds at least every 4 hr for 24 hr.
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Assess for respiratory distress.
Report reduced or absent breath sounds immediately.
Monitor for hemoptysis.
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