Preventive Dentistry I & II
Dental caries
Dr. Caroline Mohamed
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
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Objectives
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Define:
Dental caries
The dental caries process
The role of diet in dental caries
Classification of dental caries
Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence and how can be
measured
Caries risk
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1. Dental caries definition
Dental caries is a multifactorial microbial disease
of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized
by demineralization of the inorganic portion and
destruction of the organic substance of the
tooth, which often leads to cavitations.
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 Two groups of bacteria are responsible for initiating
caries: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. If left
untreated, the disease can lead to pain, tooth loss,
infection, and, in severe cases, death.
 Today, caries remains one of the most common
diseases throughout the world.
 Cariology is the study of dental caries.
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 The presentation of caries is highly variable; however, the
risk factors and stages of development are similar.
Initially, it may appear as a small chalky area that
may eventually develop into a large cavitation.
 Sometimes caries may be directly visible, however
other methods of detection such as radiographs are
used for less visible areas of teeth and to judge the
extent of destruction.
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 Tooth decay is caused by specific types of acid-
producing bacteria that cause damage in the presence
of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose,
fructose, and glucose.
 The mineral content of teeth is sensitive to increases
in acidity from the production of lactic acid.
Specifically, a tooth (which is primarily mineral in content)
is
in
a
constant
state
of
back-and-forth
demineralization and remineralization between the
tooth and surrounding saliva.
 When the pH at the surface of the tooth drops below 5.5,
demineralization
proceeds
faster
than
remineralization (meaning that there is a net loss of
mineral structure on the tooth's surface). This results
in the ensuing decay.
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Dr.Caroline Mohamed
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Educational level
HOST
Socio-Economical
Situation
Age
FLORA
Fluoride in plaque
Lactobacilli
Fluoride
Oral Hygiene
Genetics
Streptococci
Morphology
Virulence factors
Nutrition
Transmissibility
Host
SUBSTRATE
SALIVA
Carbohydrates
pH
Frequency of
eating
Oral clearance
Physical nature of
food
Flow rate
SALIVA
Composition
Behavior
Buffering
capacity
Knowledge
Bicarbonate
levels
Detergency of
food
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Dr.Caroline Mohamed
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The role of diet in dental
caries
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Substrate
 Readily fermentable
 Sucrose- arch criminal
 Cariogenicity determined by
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Frequency of ingestion
Physical form
Chemical composition-detergency
Texture of food
Presence of other constituents
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Cariogenicity determined by
 Frequency of ingestion
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Frequency of ingestion
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Tooth enamel dissolves at 5.5 ph
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Chemical composition-detergency
 Cow’s milk (cheese) contains calcium,
phosphorus, and casein
 Wholegrain foods require more chewing
 Peanuts, hard cheeses, and chewing gum
 Black tea extract ( fluoride)
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C
A
R
I
E
S
CARIES PROCESS
RESTORATION
Pulpal
lesion
Dentin
lesion
Enamel lesion
CAVITY
White
spot
NO CAVITY
DeRemineralizatio
n
DIAGNOSIS
TIME
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 Depending on the extent of tooth destruction, various
treatments can be used to restore teeth to proper
form, function, and aesthetics, but there is no known
method to regenerate large amounts of tooth structure,
though stem cell related research suggests one
possibility.
 Instead, dental health organizations advocate preventive
and prophylactic measures, such as regular oral
hygiene and dietary modifications, to avoid dental
caries.
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Epidemiology
Definition of Epidemiology
The word epidemiology comes from the
Greek words:
 epi , meaning on or upon
 demos , meaning people, and
 logos , meaning the study of
 "the study of what is upon the people",
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Incidence and prevalence and how can be
measured
 Prevalence
• Number or proportion of persons in a population affected
by a condition at a given point of time
• Can be expressed as, count, proportion or percentage.
• Incidence
 Number of new cases of condition over a given point of
time.
 Change in prevalence or severity. The period of time depend
on time needed to disease to be observed
 expressed as a rate (case per the population per time)
 Determine the progress of condition
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Different Age Groups
 Key risk groups from ages
 Age-Three peaks
4-8yrs
11-18yrs
55-65yrs
 1 to 2 years ( baby bottle caries)
 5 to 7 years ( primary caries)
 11 to14 years
 Key risk age group in young adults
 and adults ( secondary caries/ root caries)
 Sex- both sexes
early eruption in females
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 Adults continue to experience primary dental
caries, but they also experience a significant
amount of secondary caries around existing
restorations.
 Children today, in developed countries, have
comparatively few, if any restorations and
experience mostly primary caries of the
noncavitated type.
 Between 40 and 76% of dental carie in adults are
arrested, a condition uncommoly observed in
children.
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Variation within dentition:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Early plaque formation occurs faster.
In lower jaw, compared to upper jaw.
In molars areas.
On buccal tooth surfaces, compared to oral
sites.
In interdental regions compared to strict buccal
or oral surface.
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Tooth composition
 Mineralization-
Hypomineralization/ Dentinogenese imperfecta
 Trace elements
 Fluoride/ dental fluorose
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 Dentinogenese imperfecta
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Dental Fluorose
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Individual Teeth
 First primary molars and first permanent
molars are high risk.
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Different tooth surfaces:
 Are high risk:
 Interproximal surfaces of primary molars.
 Occlusal surfaces of first permanent
molars.
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Tooth morphology
 Pits & fissures
 Irregularities in arch form
 Crowding
 Overlapping
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Tooth morphology
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Behavior
 Age
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 Regularity of snaks, more than 3
times a day, snacking between
meals, this increases the acid
challenge to the teeth for a high
level
 Nocturnal bottle usage- additive
 On pacifier during sleep
 Breast feeding
(Kawaba et al., 1997)
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 Drinking sweet beverage
 Brushing by mother
 (Kawaba et al., 1997)
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Dental Caries classification
1.based on anatomical site
2.based on progression
3.based on virginity of lesion
4.based on extend of caries
5.based on tissue involvement
6.based on chronology
7. based on whether caries is completely removed or not.
8.based on surfaces to be restored
9. WHO system
9.Black’s classification
10.Caries risk Assessement
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Classification:
1) Based on anatomic site:
Crown caries
Pit & Fissure
Caries
Root caries
Smooth
surface
Caries
Pits and fissures are anatomic landmarks on a tooth
where the enamel folds inward. Fissures are formed
during the development of grooves but the enamel in
the area is not fully fused.
As a result, a deep linear depression forms in the
enamel's surface structure, which forms a location for
dental caries to develop and flourish.
Fissures are mostly located on the occlusal surfaces of
posterior teeth and palatal surfaces of maxillary anterior
teeth.
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Pits are small, pinpoint depressions that are most
commonly found at the ends or cross-sections of
grooves.
In particular, buccal pits are found on the facial
surfaces of molars. For all types of pits and fissures,
the deep infolding of enamel makes oral hygiene
along the surfaces difficult, allowing dental caries to
develop more commonly in these areas.
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The occlusal surfaces of teeth represent 12.5% of all
tooth surfaces but are the location of over 50% of all
dental caries.
Among children, pit and fissure caries represent from
80 to 90% of all dental caries. Pit and fissure caries can
sometimes be difficult to detect.
As the decay progresses, caries in enamel nearest the
surface of the tooth spreads gradually deeper. Once the
caries reaches the dentin at the dentino-enamel junction
(DEJ), the decay quickly spreads laterally.
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Within the dentin, the decay follows a triangle pattern
that points to the tooth's pulp. This pattern of decay is
typically described as two triangles (one triangle in
enamel, and another in dentin) with their bases conjoined
to each other at the DEJ.
This base-to-base pattern is typical of pit and fissure
caries, unlike smooth-surface caries (where base and
apex of the two triangles join).
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Clinical Manifestation:
Entry site may appear much smaller than actual lesion,
making clinical diagnosis difficult.
In cross section, the gross appearance of pit and fissure
lesion is inverted V with a narrow entrance and a
progressively wider area of involvement closer to the
DEJ.
a) Initially, caries of pit & fissures appears brown or
black in color & with fine explorer, it will feel soft & a
catch is felt ( don´t do it ).
b) The enamel which borders the pit & fissures appears
opaque bluish white.
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 Shape, morphological variation and depth of pit and
fissures contributes to their high susceptibility to caries.
 The appearance of s.mutans in pits and fissures is
usually followed by caries 6 to 24 months later.
 Sealing of pits and fissures just after tooth eruption
may be the most important event in their resistance to
caries.
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Smooth surface caries
Smooth surface caries occurs on the gingival third of
the buccal, lingual & proximal surfaces.
• On proximal surface, caries begins below the contact area
& in early stage this appear as a faint white opacity of
enamel without loss of continuity of surface.
• As caries progresses, it appears bluish white in later
stage.
• Caries in cervical area are in the form of crescent
shaped cavities. It appear as a slightly roughened,
chalky area which gradually becomes deeper
Types of smooth surface caries
1. Proximal caries, also called interproximal caries,
form on the smooth surfaces between adjacent
teeth.
2. Root caries form on the root surfaces of teeth.
3. The third type of smooth-surface caries occur on any
other smooth tooth surface. Less favorable site for
plaque attachment, usually attaches on the smooth
surface that are near the gingiva or are under
proximal contact.
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 Proximal caries are the most difficult type to detect.
Frequently, this type of caries cannot be detected visually
or manually with a dental explorer.
 Proximal caries form cervically (toward the roots of a
tooth) just under the contact between two teeth. As a
result, radiographs (bitewings) are needed for early
discovery of proximal caries.
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 In very young patients the gingival papilla completely
fills the interproximal space under a proximal
contact and is termed as col. Also crevicular spaces in
them are less favorable habitats for s.mutans.
 Consequently proximal caries is less lightly to
develop where this favorable soft tissue architecture
exists.
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 Proximal surfaces Caries
 The proximal surfaces are particularly susceptible to
caries due to extra shelter provided to resident
plaque owing to the proximal contact area
immediately occlusal to plaque.
 Lesion have a broad area of origin and a conical, or
pointed extension towards DEJ.
 V shape with apex directed towards DEJ.
 After caries penetrate the DEJ softening of dentin
spread rapidly and pulpally
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Root surface caries
 The proximal root surface, particularly near the cervical
line, often is unaffected by the action of hygiene
procedures, such as flossing, because it may have
concave anatomic surface contours (fluting) and
occasional roughness at the termination of the enamel.
 These conditions, when coupled with exposure to the
oral environment (as a result of gingival recession),
favor the formation of mature, caries-producing
plaque and proximal root-surface caries.
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 Root-surface caries is more common in older
patients. Caries originating on the root is
alarming because:
1. It has a comparatively rapid progression
2. it is often asymptomatic
3. it is closer to the pulp
4. it is more difficult to restore
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 Characteristics of root caries:
 Root caries lesions have less well-defined margins,
tend to be U-shaped in cross sections, and
progress more rapidly because of the lack of
protection from and enamel covering.
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 When the gingiva is healthy, root caries is unlikely to
develop because the root surfaces are not as
accessible to bacterial plaque.
 The root surface is more vulnerable to the
demineralization process than enamel because
cementum begins to demineralize at 6.7 pH, which is
higher than enamel's critical pH.
 Regardless, it is easier to arrest the progression of root
caries than enamel caries because roots have a greater
reuptake of fluoride than enamel.
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 Root caries are most likely to be found on facial
surfaces, then interproximal surfaces, then lingual
surfaces.
 Mandibular molars are the most common location to
find root caries, followed by mandibular premolars,
maxillary anteriors, maxillary posteriors, and
mandibular anteriors.
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2) BASED ON THE PROGRESSION OF THE LESION:
Progressive caries
Rapidly progressive - Acute
Nursing caries
Arrested caries
Slowly progressiveChronic
Radiation caries
Acute caries
 Acute caries is a rapid process involving a large number
of teeth.
 These lesions are lighter colored than the other types,
being light brown or grey, and their caseous
consistency makes the excavation difficult.
 Pulp exposures and sensitive teeth are often observed
in patients with acute caries.
 It has been suggested that saliva does not easily
penetrate the small opening to the carious lesion, so
there are little opportunity for buffering or
neutralizaton
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Nursing caries
 Nursing caries can also be called as:
 1. Nursing bottle caries
 2. Nursing bottle syndrome
 3. Milk bottle syndrome
 4. Baby bottle tooth decay
 5. Early childhood caries
 The new name given for early childhood caries is
“maternally derived streptococcus mutans disease
(MDSMD)”
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NURSING CARIES
This is the type of acute carious lesion,
which occurs among those children who
take milk or fruit juices by nursing bottle, for a
considerably longer duration of time, preferably during
sleep.
As the child takes larger amount of easily fermentable sugars
along with the milk, the sugar facilitates the cariogenic bacteria
to produce caries at a rapid pace by fermenting those sugars.
Nursing bottle caries commonly occurs in the upper anterior
teeth (as these are constantly coming in contact with the
sweetened milk); while the lower teeth are not usually
affected as they remain under the cover of the tongue.
Radiation caries
 Radiotherapy is frequently associated with xerostomia
due to decreased salivary secretion
 This and other cause of decreased salivation may lead to
a rampant form of caries, indicating the significance of
saliva in preventing caries.
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Radiation caries
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
Three types of defects due to irradiation
1. Lesion usually encircling the neck of teeth
amputation of crowns may occur
2. Begins as brown to black discolouration of
tooth .occlusal surface and incisal edges wear
away
3. Spot depression which spreads from any
surface
Chronic caries
 These




lesions
are
usually
of
long-standing
involvement, affect a fewer number of teeth, and are
smaller than acute caries.
Pain is not a common feature because of protection
afforded to the pulp by secondary dentin
The decalcified dentin is dark brown and leathery.
Pulp prognosis is hopeful in that the deepest of lesions
usually requires only prophylactic capping and
protective bases.
The lesions range in depth and include those that
have just penetrated the enamel.
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Arrested caries
 Caries which becomes stationary or static and does not




show any tendency for further progression
Both deciduous and permanent affected.
With the shift in the oral conditions, even advanced
lesions may become arrested .
Arrested caries involving dentin shows a marked
brown pigmentation and induration of the lesion (the
so called ‘eburnation of dentin’).
Sclerosis of dentinal tubules and secondary dentin
formation commonly occur.
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 Arrested caries
 Exclusively seen in
caries of occlusal
surface with large
open cavity in which
there is lack of food
retention.
 Also on the proximal
surfaces of tooth in
cases in which the
adjacent
approximating tooth
has been extracted
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3) BASED ON THE VIRGINITY OF THE LESION:
Primary Caries
or Recurrent
Secondary
caries
Recurrent caries is that occurring immediately next to a
restoration. It may be the result of poor adaptation of a
restoration, which allows for a marginal leakage, or it may be
due to inadequate extension of the restoration.
In addition, caries may remain if there has not been
complete excavation of the original lesion, which later may
appear as a residual or recurrent caries.
Primary caries
 A primary caries is one in which the lesion constitutes the
initial attack on the tooth surface.
 The designation of primary is based on the initial
location of the lesion on the surface rather than the
extent of damage.
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Secondary caries
(Recurrent)
 This type of caries is observed around the edges and
under restorations.
 The common locations of secondary caries are the rough
or overhanging margin and fracture place in all
locations of the mouth.
 It may be result of poor adaptation of a restoration,
which allows for a marginal leakage, or it may be due to
inadequate extension of the restoration.
 In addition caries may remain if there has not been
complete excavation of the original lesion, which later
may appear as a residual or recurrent caries.
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4.Based on the extend of the lesion- severity
INCIPIENT CARIES
CAVITATION
OCCULT CARIES
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Incipient caries
 The early caries lesion best seen on the smooth surfaces
of the teeth, is visible as a ‘White Spot’
 Histologically, the lesion has an apparently intact
surface layer overlying subsurface demineralization.
 Significantly
many such lesions can under go
remineralization & thus the lesion is not an
indication for restorative treatment
Remineralised with fluoride application
D/d: developmental defects of enamel
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Occult caries
 Occult or hidden caries is used to describe such lesion,
which is not clinically diagnosed but detected only on
radiographs.
 It is believed that bitewing & OPG radiographs along with
other
noninvasive
adjuncts
like
fibrooptic
transillumination (FOTI), LASER luminescence,
electrical resistance method(ERM) are used for
diagnosing these occlusal lesions.
 Prevalence-0.8%-50% in age range of 14 -20 yrs
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Cavitation…
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Cavitation
 Once
it
reaches
the
dentinoenamel junction, the
caries process has the
potential to spread to the
pulp along the dentinal
tubules and also spread in
lateral direction.
 Thus
some
amount
of
sensitivity
may
be
associated with this type of
lesion.
 This may be generally
accompanied by cavitation
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5. Based on tissue involvement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Initial caries- demineralization
Superficial caries- enamel
Moderate caries- dentin caries
Deep caries – dentin close to the pulp
Deep complicated caries – pulp involvement
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Dental caries can be divided into 4 or 5 stages
1.
Initial caries: Demineralization without structural
defect.

This stage can be reversed by fluoridation and
enhanced mouth hygiene
2. Superficial caries (Caries superficialis):Enamel
caries, wedge-shaped structural defect.

Caries has affected the enamel layer, but has not
yet penetrated the dentin. Includes larger lesions
with adequate tooth structure to support the
restoration
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3. Moderate caries (Caries media): Dentin caries. Extensive
structural defect. Caries has penetrated up to the
dentin and spreads two-dimensionally beneath the
enamel defect where the dentin offers little resistance.
4. Deep caries (Caries profunda): Deep structural defect.
Caries has penetrated up to the dentin layers of the tooth
close to the pulp.
5. Deep complicated caries (Caries profunda complicata)
:Caries has led to the opening of the pulp cavity (pulpa
aperta or open pulp).
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6. Based on chronology
EARLY CHILDHOOD
CARIES
ADULT CARIES
ADOLESCENT CARIES
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Early childhood caries
 Early childhood caries would include, two variants:
Nursing caries and rampant caries.
 The difference primarily exist in involvement of the
teeth (mandibular incisors) in the carious process in
rampant caries as opposed to nursing caries.
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Teenage caries (adolescent caries)
 This type of caries is a variant of rampant caries
where the teeth generally considered immune to
decay are involved.
 The caries is also described to be of a rapidly
burrowing type, with a small enamel opening.
 The presence of a large pulp chamber adds to the
woes, causing early pulp involvement.
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Adult caries
 With the recession of the gingiva and sometimes
decreased salivary function due to atrophy, at the
age of 55-60 years, the third peak of caries is
observed.
 Root caries and cervical caries are more commonly
found in this group.
 Sometime they are also associated with a partial
denture clasp.
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7.Based on whether caries is completly
removed or not during treatment
RESIDUAL CARIES
 Residual caries is that which is not removed during a
restorative procedure, either by accident, neglect or
intention.
 Sometimes a small amount of acutely carious dentin
close to the pulp is covered with a specific capping
material to stimulate dentin deposition, isolating
caries from pulp.
 The carious dentin can be removed at a later time.
8.Based on surfaces to be restored
 Most widespread clinical utilization
O
M
D
F
B
L
for occlusal surfaces
for mesial surfaces
for distal surfaces
for facial surfaces
for buccal surfaces
for lingual surface
Various combinations are also possible, such as MOD
–for mesio-occluso-distal surfaces.
9.World health organization (WHO) system
In this classification the shape and depth of the caries
lesion scored on a four point scale
D1. clinically detectable enamel lesions with intact (non
cavitated) surfaces
D2. Clinically detectable cavities limited to enamel
D3. Clinically detectable cavities in dentin
D4. Lesions extending into the pulp
10. Assessement tools
Stepwise progression toward diagnosis & treatment
planning depends on thorough assessment of the following
 Patient History
 Clinical examination
 Nutritional analysis
 Salivary analysis
 Radiographic assessment
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Conventional techniques of measuring
and recording decay
 Visual exam
 Mirror and explorer
 Dental radiographs
 Dyes
 Transillumination
 Dmfs/dmft
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VISUAL-TACTILE METHODS
Visual methods:
 Detection of white spot, discoloration / frank
cavitations.
 Unable to detect subsurface caries.
 Magnification loupes- Head worn prism loupes (X 4.5)
or surgical microscopes (X 16) may be used.
 Use of temporary elective tooth separation.
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Tactile methods:
 Explorers,Dental floss.
Use of explorer is not advocated because;
 Sharp tips physically damage small lesions with
intact surfaces.
 Probing can cause fracture & cavitation of incipient
lesion. It may spread the organism in the mouth.
 Mechanical binding may be due to non-carious
reasons Shape of fissure
Sharpness of explorer
Force of application
Path of explorer placement
Explores should be used to clean debris
from teeth.
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X-rays
 + non –destructive
 + can detect subsurface caries
 - limited safety
 - unable to detect incipient
demineralization
 - low resolution
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Bitewings/ Periapical
 Radiographic imaging of pit and fissures is of
minimal diagnostic value because of the large
ammount of sorrounding enamel enamel.
 It is detrimental if used for non-invasive
remineralization methods.
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Direct fiberoptic transillumination
 Enhanced visual technique that uses the principle of
illuminating teeth to detect the presence of caries.
 . (Pretty, Maupomé, 2004)
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Dental Caries Index DMF-T
Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth
 D = Decayed / not treated yet
M = Missed / extracted because decayed
F = Filled / restored after decay
T = Permanent teeth
 dmf-t = Primary teeth
 S = Surface
 DMF-S / dmf-s
( Mesial/ Distal/ Vestibular
/ Occlusal)
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DMF-T CHART
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10. G. V. BLACK CLASSIFICATION:
CLASS 1: pit and fissure cavities that occur in the
occlusal surfaces of bicuspids and molars, the
occlusal two thirds of the buccal and lingual
surfaces of the molars, and the lingual surfaces of
incisors.
Cavities beginning
in structural defects that
occasionally occur on the occlusal or incisal two
third of all teeth.
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CLASS 2: cavities in the proximal surfaces of bicuspids
and molars
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CLASS 3: Cavities in the proximal surfaces of incisors
and cuspids, not involving the incisal angle
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CLASS 4: Cavities in the proximal surfaces of incisors
and cuspids involving the incisal angle
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
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CLASS 5: Cavities in the gingival third, not pit and fissures
cavities, of the labial, buccal and lingual surfaces of all
teeth
CLASS 6: Cavities on both mesial and distal proximal
surfaces of bicuspid and molars that when restored
will share a common isthmus; or cavities on the
incisal edges of anterior or cusp tip of posterior
teeth.
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Dr.Caroline Mohamed
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HIGH RISK
LOW RISK
Social History
Socially deprived
High caries in siblings
Low knowledge of caries
Middle class
Low caries in sibling
High dental aspirations
Medical History
Medically compromised
No such problem
Xerostomia
Long-term cariogenic
medicine
Dietary habits
Sugar intake: frequent
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
Infrequent
109
HIGH RISK
LOW RISK
Use of fluoride
Non-fluoridated area
No fluoride supplements
Fluoridated area
Fluoride supplements used
Plaque control
Poor oral hygiene
maintenance
Good oral hygiene
maintenance
Saliva
Low flow rate& buffering
capacity
 S.mutans & lactobacillus
counts
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
Normal flow rate& buffering
capacity
 S.mutans & lactobacillus
counts
110
HIGH RISK
LOW RISK
Clinical evidence
New lesions
Premature extractions
Anterior caries restorations
Multiple/repeated
restorations
No fissure sealants
Multi-band orthodontics
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
No new lesions
No extraction for caries
Sound anterior teeth
No/few restorations
Fissure sealed
No appliances
111
Thank you
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
112
Activity
 What is a fluoride bomb or fluoride syndrome?
Dr.Caroline Mohamed
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