Revised: April 2013

Objectives:
Upon completion of this module, the learner will :
> Define Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDRO)
> Name 2 MDROs
> State the type of precautions to be used with all patients and under what circumstances you would wear gloves
> Name the type of isolation in which to place someone with an MDRO

What are Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms? (MDROs)
MDROs are microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents
Examples of MDROs (not all inclusive) are:
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Vancomycin-intermediate staphylococcus aureus (VISA)
Vancomycin-resistant staphylococus aureus (VRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and other broad-spectrum agents
Acinetobacter baumannii
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)

What are Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms? (MDROs)
Other Examples of MDROs are:
Some gram-negative organisms with strains that have developed the ability to produce ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) which is an enzyme that inactivates beta-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and cephalasporins
Klebsiella pneumonia
Escherichia coli (E. Coli)
Acinetobacter baumannii
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Why Concern over MDRO Infections?
MDROs cause serious, difficult-to-treat infections that can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, increased lengths of stay and excess cost.
> Frequently preventable –
> Usually acquired via transmission by: caregiver-to-patient, environment-to-patient, or patient-to-patient.
> Judicious use of antimicrobials may decrease incidence of microorganisms developing antibiotic resistance.

What Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of MDROs?
(Hand hygiene . A general term that applies to hand washing using a antiseptic handwash, antiseptic hand rub, or surgical hand antisepsis.)
The
Most Important Way to Prevent Transmission of Microorganisms and Infection

What Other Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of
MDROs?
> Isolation Precautions
> Follow Standard Precautions during all patient encounters in all settings in which healthcare is delivered.
> Remember Standard Precautions is using appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE) to protect against exposure to body fluids Gloves, gown, mask and eye protection according to assessed risk of exposure

What Other Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of
MDROs?
Isolation Precautions:
Develop and utilize systems to identify patients with MDROs and notify Infection
Preventionists, physicians and direct caregivers
Place patients with a confirmed MDRO or history of an MDRO in single-patient rooms.
Group patients with the same MDRO in designated areas if single-patient room unavailable.

What Other Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of MDROs?
Isolation Precautions
Implement Contact Precautions immediately for all patients infected with MDROs, that have a previously identified MDRO or have a history of being colonized with target MDROs (Implementation of isolation is a nursing order . It does not require a doctor’s order.)
Notify Infection Prevention and Control after placing the patient in isolation

What Other Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of MDROs?
Contact Precautions
Perform hand hygiene before donning personal protective equipment (PPE – gown and gloves)
Gown and gloves worn upon entering room
Use eye/face protection if risk of splatter/splash is anticipated (e.g., patient is coughing or sneezing or has trach)
Discard PPE before leaving room
Perform hand hygiene after discarding PPE

What Other Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of MDROs?
Isolation Precautions
For MDRO colonized or infected patients without draining wounds, or uncontrolled secretions, establish ranges of permitted ambulation, socialization, and use of common areas
Consult Infection Prevention & Control prior to discontinuing isolation on a patient even if a physician has written an order for such

What Measures Can We Take to Prevent Transmission of MDROs?
Environmental Measures
Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces (eg bedrails, faucet handles, door knobs) and equipment used in the patient’s environment that may be contaminated with pathogens
Dedicate noncritical medical items for use on patients known to be infected or colonized with an MDRO -
Infected: organisms present, tissue invasion and symptoms are present
Colonized: organisms present, but no tissue invasion and patient is asymptomatic

What Other Measures do Hospitals Take to Prevent
Development of MDROs?
Judicious use of Antimicrobial agents
Monitoring appropriate use of antimicrobial agents
Periodic development and distribution of antibiograms
Educating clinicians regarding appropriate prescribing of antimicrobial agents

Isolation Precautions
Standard Precautions for all patients
Contact Precautions for patients identified as having an MDRO
Environmental Measures
Judicious use of Antimicrobial agents

Antibiogram can be found in the Links of OneChart

Antibiogram can be found in Links of OneChart

Reference: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf

I ___________________certify I have completed the Annual Education presentation on
MDRO (Multi Drug Resistant Organisms)
Print Name ____________________
Sign ______________________
Date ___________