Dengue Virus
By: Inna Gnipp and
Hamza Iqbal
Dengue Declassified
 Family: Flaviviridae
 Genus: Flavivirus
 Species: Dengue virus
What is the Dengue Virus?
 Arbovirus
 Arthropod, Mosquito, born
 (Aedes aegypti)
 It is a pathogen that causes
 Dengue fever (DF)
 Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
 Can lead to Dengue shock syndrome (DSS)
 Has four different serotypes (DEN-1,2,3,4)
 First reported epidemics in 1780 in Asia, Africa,
and North America
Target tissues
 Dengue induces cytokine production in cells
 Cytotoxic factor effects endothelial cells
involved in most of the following:
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Heart
Liver
Kidneys
Lungs
Intestines
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Brain
Skin (inflammatory rashes)
Symptoms: DHF
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Fever
Headache
Muscle and joint pain
Dehydration
Nausea and/or Haematemesis (vomiting of blood)
Epistaxis (Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or gums)
Haematuria (Blood in Urine)
Pain behind the eyes
Plasma leakage
Respiratory distress
Petechia (Skin rash) and/or Purpura (Lesions)
Diagnostic tests
 Virus isolation by infection of mice using
infected mosquitoes
 Detection of IgM antibodies in the blood by
PCR or Viral isolation (Serology)
 ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent
assay)
 Thrombopenia
 Raised hematocrit
Pathogenesis and infection
process of Dengue
 Humans are initially infected through a mosquito vector
 Initial interaction with cell occurs with the viruses ability
to infect cell
 Primary target, Phagocytes
 Virus uses cell receptor molecule to enter cell
 Cell receptor molecules include:
 Glycosaminoglycan
 Heparan Sulfate (Expressed in almost all cell types)
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Virus replicates in target organs
Infects white blood cells and lymphatic tissues
Virus is released and circulates in blood
Alternate mosquito then bites host and receives virus
DHF
Treatment:
Prevention:
There is no specific treatment
Relieving symptoms and
complications:
 Plasma volume replacement
 Sedatives for restless patients
 Blood transfusion with
patients with significant blood
loss
 Aspirin should be avoided
 All efforts of control are aimed
against mosquitoes
 Elimination of breeding areas
 Actions to prevent mosquito
bites (repellant, nets, and
vapors)
 Vaccinations are pending
 Problem is that the
vaccination needs to prevent
all four serotypes
Epidemiology
 Affects humans
 Is prominent in tropical environments
 Ideal for Mosquito habitats
What is promoting the disease?
 Global warming is causing climate changes which is
causing the disease to move to more environments
 (higher altitudes and amplitudes)
 More habitats for mosquitoes to thrive in
 Spread has been increased by urbanization and
population growth
 Inability of mosquito control in countries is also a major
factor
Morbidity and Mortality
 More than 2.5 Billion people live in areas
that have a risk of infection
 Over 100 million cases of Dengue
infection are reported each year globally
 500,000 cases pertain to DHF
 DHF has a 5% fatality rate for those
infected
 People at high risk are children and the
elderly
Bibliography
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