A LIVING PLANET
THE EARTH INSIDE AND OUT
BODIES OF WATER & LANDFORMS
INTERNAL FORCES
EXTERNAL FORCES
THE EARTH INSIDE AND OUT
• Continents –
landmasses above
water on the earth.
• Solar System –
consists of the sun
and nine known
planets and other
celestial bodies.
THE EARTH INSIDE AND OUT
• Core – the center of the
earth; made up of iron
and nickel.
• Mantel – layer
surrounding the Core;
most of the earth’s mass.
• Magma – molten rock.
• Crust – thin layer of rock
on the earth’s surface.
THE EARTH INSIDE AND OUT
• Atmosphere –the layer of
gases surrounding the
earth.
• Lithosphere – includes
the crust and upper-most
mantle.
• Hydrosphere – the water
on the earth.
• Biosphere – the part of
the earth where the
plants and animals live.
THE EARTH INSIDE AND OUT
• Continental Drift – the
continents have been
shifting over millions
of years – Pangaea.
BODIES OF WATER &
LANDFORMS
• Hydrologic Cycle – aka
the water cycle – the
continuous circulation of
water on the earth.
• Drainage Basin – an area
drained by a major river
and its tributaries.
• Ground Water – the water
held in the pores of rock.
• Water Table – the level at
which rock is saturated
with water.
BODIES OF WATER &
LANDFORMS
• Landforms – naturally
formed features on
the earth’s surface.
• Continental shelf –
the earth’s surface
from the edge of the
continents to the deep
part of the ocean
floor.
BODIES OF WATER &
LANDFORMS
• Relief – the difference in
elevation of a landform
from its lowest point to its
highest point.
• Topography – the
combination of the
surface shape and
composition of the
landforms and their
distribution in a region.
INTERNAL FORCES
• Tectonic Plate –
enormous moving
pieces of the earth’s
lithosphere.
• Fault – a fracture in
the earth’s crust.
• Earthquake – a
violent movement of
the earth.
INTERNAL FORCES
• Seismograph – a special
device that detects
earthquakes. (Richter
Scale)
• Epicenter – the location
above the focus where
the earthquake begins.
• Volcano – magma that
pours out of a crack in the
earth’s surface. (lava)
• Tsunami – a giant wave in
the ocean; maybe cause
by an earthquake.
INTERNAL FORCES
• Ring of Fire – a zone
around the rim of the
Pacific Ocean; many
active volcanoes.
EXTERNAL FORCES
• Weathering – physical • Mechanical
or chemical
Weathering – process
processes that
that break rock into
change the
smaller pieces.
characteristics of the
• Chemical Weathering
rock near the earth’s
– rock is changed into
surface.
a new substance
• Sediment – smaller
because of a
pieces of rock created
chemical reaction.
by weathering.
EXTERNAL FORCES
• Erosion – occurs when
weathered material is
moved by the action of
wind, water, ice, or
gravity.
• Delta – when a river
enters the ocean, the
sediment deposited in a
fan-like landform.
• Loess – windblown silt
and clay sediment.
• Glacier – a large, longlasting mass of ice.
• Glaciation – the changing
of a landform by slowly
moving glaciers.
• Moraine – hills formed by
glaciers.
• Humus – the texture of
the soil and the amount of
organic materials.