Bell Ringer
Freshwater reptile Mesosaurus
• Fossils of a fresh water
swimming reptile,
Mesosaurus (Figure 2) have
been found on the east coast
of southern Brazil and the
west coast of Africa. This
reptile could not possibly
have swum the 3,000-mile
distance across the South
Atlantic Ocean.
• How could we possibly
explain this?
Discovering Plate Tectonics: The
Mystery of the Brachiosaurus
• Mystery of the Brachiosaurus Uncovered
Puzzle Key and Landmasses
• Try to figure out how to answer the question
of how Mesosaurus appeared on two
continents
1. Assemble the pieces so that they fit
together like a puzzle
2. When finished, raise your hand to be
checked.
3. Answer the questions #1-5 in Part 1 on
your worksheet
Continental Puzzle Analysis Questions
1. What made you put the puzzle pieces the way that you
did? Were there any clues that helped you put the
pieces a certain way?
2. What three kinds of evidence support Wegner’s theory
that South America was at one time joined with Africa?
Be specific! (hint: look at the key)
3. What dinosaur is found on almost every continent?
4. Since a dinosaur cannot swim, explain how a fossil can
be found on all continents?
5. It is generally considered that dinosaurs live in warm
climates, yet fossil remains are found in Antarctica.
Convection Current Demonstration
•
•
http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=137741
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=261126&title=Convection_Currents
Action of the Red Dye
• What temperature was the red dye?
• In what direction did the red dye move?
• What do you think the density of the red dye is
compared to the water? Why?
Foam Plates
• What caused the foam plates to move?
• Describe the movement of the foam pieces when
the dye started to rise. Could you see a pattern?
Topic: The Lithosphere, Pangaea,
and Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift Cornell Notes
Key Terms
Summary:
Notes
1. Q: What is the lithosphere made up
of?
A: Crust and Upper Mantle
Continental Drift
• Wegener came up with a theory in 1910 called
Continental Drift.
• His theory said that the continents had started
as one big “super continent” called Pangea.
Continental Drift
• Over millions of
years, Pangaea
broke apart into
the 7 continents.
Continental Drift
• During Pangaea, continents had completely
different environments..
Evidence that supported Wegener’s
Theory
• Landforms
– Example: Some mountain chains, have very
similar rocks and structures (i.e., folds and faults)
to mountain belts found on other continents
• Fossil Evidence - There are many examples of
fossils found on two continents that are currently
separated by vast oceans
– Example: Mesosaurus
Evidence that supported
Wegener’s Theory
• Climate
–Example: Glacial striations, the parallel "scrape" marks on
rocks caused by moving glaciers, have been found on rocks
in South America, Africa and Australia and are of similar
orientation to striations found on Antarctica
• Puzzle-like Fit of the Continents-in several
cases, modern shorelines of continents look as
though they were once joined
– Example: Africa and South America are the best example
of these “puzzle pieces”
Continental Drift Rejection
• Scientists at the time rejected his theory
because he could not come up with an
explanation why the continents were actually
moving.
Plate Tectonics
• Plate Tectonics is the theory that the
lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is
made of moving plates that float on the
mantle.
• Convection currents cause magma in the
asthenosphere to rise and sink.
• The plates are slowly moving and bump into
each other
Discovering Plate Tectonics: Changes in
Earth’s Surface
Plate Tectonics: Understanding
Earth’s Shifty Surface Versatile
• Finish for homework
–Write letter and word for answers
–Cite evidence for each questions by
highlighting/underlining passage in
reading that supports answer
–All 12 numbers should be displayed on
reading
Continental Drift Reading
“Draw a picture”- As I read the passage
aloud, draw (pictures) of what you are
hearing about evidence of continental drift.
*Try to draw at least one picture per
paragraph
Pangea Writing Prompt
• You are Wegener’s defense attorney. Using
your knowledge of the lithosphere,
asthenosphere, Pangaea, and evidence for
continental drift (190-195), write two
paragraphs that defend his hypothesis.
• (Think: What do we know about the
lithosphere? The asthenosphere? Pangea?)
Lithospheric Movement Review
1. What is Alfred Wagner’s hypothesis?
a.The continents have always been where they were now?
b.Today’s continents were once part of a single land mass
that split apart
c. The continents are made of rock
d.The continents will one day join to form a single
continent.
2. List three pieces of evidence for Pangaea:
3. What causes earth’s tectonic plates to move? Use the
words density and convection current to explain what’s
happening?
Bell Ringer
Answer the following questions
1.Draw arrows convection currents in the
mantle of the earth—label hot, cold and High
density, Low density.
2. What is Pangaea?
3. Describe what causes the lithospheric plates
to move.
Evidence
Our first evidence of tectonic
motion is based on similar fossils
and rock types on opposing sides
of the ocean
Lithospheric Plates Review
• The earth’s crust is
divided into plates, and
these plates move (that’s
why Pangaea broke
apart)
• The plates move because
of convection currents
underneath the Earth
(PLAY VIDEO!)
• But other than Pangaea
breaking apart, what
happens when the plates
move?
Types of Plate Boundaries
• Plate Boundaries: Where two
lithospheric plates meet
–Divergent (what does “diverge” mean?)
–Convergent (what does “converge” mean?)
–Transform
Plate Boundaries Brainpop
• http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/platete
ctonics/
1. Match the definitions with the words
2. For each geologic feature, write down
which plate boundary could cause it. Use
Convergent (C), Divergent (D), or
Transform (T)
Plate Boundaries Tree Diagram
Types of Plate
Boundaries
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Description
Description
Description
Landforms
Landforms
Landforms
Picture
Picture
Picture
Tectonic Plates Versatiles
• Finish for homework
–Write letter and word for answers
–Cite evidence for each questions by
highlighting/underlining passage in
reading that supports answer
–All 12 numbers should be displayed on
reading
Bell Ringer
1. Scientists found fossils of identical creatures on Africa and South America.
What does this tell you about the Earth?
a. Africa and South America are the same continent
b. Africa and South America used to be next to each other
c. All animals are on each continent
d. All of these animals can swim or fly long distances
1. Which of the following has caused the continents to spread apart?
a. The eruption of volcanoes
b. Huge plates moving underneath the ground have moved the continents
apart
c. The shaking of the ground caused by earthquakes
d. The continents have always been spread apart.
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent Video
Divergent Cornell Notes
Key Terms
Summary:
Notes
Divergent Boundary
• When two plates move or spread apart
from each other
– Connection: What causes them to move apart from each
other?
– What hand motion would you use?
•
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page0
1.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
What does this actually look like?
Video 1: http://www.videosurf.com/video/divergent-boundary-119597587
And
Video 2: http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=2ED78244-ED66438C-B2DD-55C2D810C4A1&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Two Oceanic Plates Diverging
• Causes Sea-Floor Spreading
• As plates spread, magma comes up and cools and
hardens, forming new crust.
• As new rock piles on top of each other, mountain
form under the ocean
• Mid-ocean ridge- Mountain range on ocean floor
Age of Rocks
• As the plates spread and magma hardens
to form rocks—we get the newest rocks
on Earth near diverging plates.
Two Continental Plates Diverging
• Creates a Rift Valley or Ocean Basin
• As the continental plates diverge, they sink and
can fill with water making a sea!
--the Great
Rift Valley,
East Africa
--the Red Sea
Ireland: Hikers walk in the shadow of cliffs. The divergent
Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, with the North
American plate to the west and the Eurasian plate to the east.
Divergent Plates- Plates move
apart
Oceanic
Continental
What happens
Sea-floor
spreading
happens and
magma comes up
and cools – forms
new rock
Plates spread and
then sink to form
a basin (bowl
shape) or rift
valley
What forms
Mid-ocean ridges Seas
Example: the Mid- Example: the Red
Atlantic ridge
Sea
Sea-Floor Spreading Lab
• Using the model, answer the
questions with your partner
• When finished, begin “Divergent
Homework”
Bell Ringer #4
• Create a venn diagram that compares and
contrasts continental plates diverging and
oceanic plates diverging
Continental
Both
Oceanic
• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Transform boundaries
Today we are learning
about CONVERGENT!
Convergent Boundaries
• There are two things that can
happen when two plates move
towards one another
–1. One sinks under the other and
starts to melt
–2. They both collide and start to
crumble and pile up.
Types of Convergent Boundaries
• Oceanic - Oceanic
• Oceanic - Continental
• Continental - Continental
• The only difference between the two type of
plates is the rock composition and the
density.
Oceanic – Continental (subduction)
• Oceanic plates is more dense than
continental plate
• Ocean lithospheric plate will always sink
under (subduction) continental plates
because it is more dense!
• Volcanoes
• Ring of Fire in Pacific
Ocean
Oceanic – Oceanic (subduction)
• Same density;
• Oldest plate will go under (subduction)
younger plate
• Trenches & Volcanoes
• Mariana Trench
DRAW IT OUT!
Continental-Continental (collision)
• Plates have the same
density
• Plates collide and
crash into each other–
lithosphere folds like
wrinkles
• Mountains
• Himalayan Mountains
Types of Convergent Boundaries
Relative
Density
What
happens
OceanicOceanic
OceanicContinental
ContinentalContinental
Both have
same density,
but one is
older
Older plate
goes under the
other
(subduction)
Oceanic is
more dense
than
continental
Ocean plate
goes under the
continental
plate
(subduction)
Volcanoes
Exp: Ring of
Fire
Both have same
density
Landforms Volcanoes and
ocean trench
Exp: Mariana
Trench
They hit each
other and squish
upwards
Mountains
Exp: Himalaya
Mountains
Convergent Plates
The Big Picture
Where are we going?
We appear to be headed for another super continent as
North America, South America, Asia and Australia
converge in the ever shrinking Pacific Ocean
Convergent Inquiry Lab
1. What does Map 1 represent or have on it
(hint: look at the title and extras on the
map)?
– Location of volcanoes
2. What does Map 2 represent or have on it
(hint: look at the title, key and colors)?
– Plate boundaries: Red Convergent, Blue
Divergent, Green Transform
3. Place Map 1 and Map 2 side by side.
Convergent Inquiry Lab
4. What do you notice now that the two maps are together?
• The large clumps of volcanoes line up with the plate
boundaries
5. What color line/boundary do the volcanoes line up with?
• Red lines
6. What does this color mean (hint: look at the key)?
• Convergent Plate Boundaries (2 plates are coming towards
one another)
7. Why do you think that these plate boundary lines and
volcano lines match up?
• Volcanoes are formed at convergent
boundaries/subduction zones
Convergent Inquiry Lab
• Independently answer question 8
• Based on what you have seen and what you know
about Continental Drift and Convection Currents,
how do you think volcanoes form?
• When finished with #8, begin “Convergent
Homework”
Bell Ringer #5
1. Explain what the Ring of Fire is and why it occurs
in the Pacific Ocean.
– Areas in the Pacific Ocean that contain large amount of
volcanoes because plates are converging/subducting
2. What is happening to the sizes of the Atlantic and
Pacific Ocean? Explain.
– Pacific ocean is getting smaller because it contains
subduction zones; Atlantic ocean is getting larger
because plates are diverging and new crust is being
formed (Mid-Atlantic ridge)
Ring of Fire= Subduction Zones
Transform Plate Boundaries
Explaining the Phenomenon of
Earthquakes
• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Transform boundaries
Today we are learning
about TRANSFORM!
Earthquake Brainpop
Earth’s Structure Brainpop
• How do earthquakes help scientists study the
interior of the earth?
– Seismic waves (earthquake waves) bend
differently through different materials, so
scientists observe the way the waves bend
to determine the temperature, density, and
composition of each layer
Transform K.I.M Chart
Key Term (K)
Information (I)
Memory Cue (M)
Transform boundaries
• Two plates slide past each other
http://www.classzone.com/b
ooks/earth_science/terc/con
tent/visualizations/es0804/e
s0804page01.cfm?chapter_
no=visualization
Earthquakes
• Occur at transform boundaries because great
tension can build in the plates
• Eventually the plates snap and release all of
the stored tension and shake the earth
Faults
• Cracks in the earth crust that occur when
plates snap
• Example: San Andreas Fault (California)
Focus
• The point deep
underground in
which the fault
fails
Epicenter
• Spot on earth’s
surface directly
above the focus
Seismograph
• Instrument that
detects, measures,
and records various
seismic waves
(Primary, Secondary,
and Surface waves)
Primary (P) Waves
• Quickest wave
and detected
first; travel
through solids,
liquids, and
gases
Secondary (S) Waves
• Second fastest
waves; only
travels through
solids
Surface Waves
• Slowest and
most damaging
waves
Tsunami
• “Harbor Wave” in Japanese
• Giant waves caused by earthquakes
occurring on the ocean floor
– Japanese Tsunami
– Mega tsunami
Frequent Earthquake Areas
•
The pink lines show where transform
boundaries exist:
http://www.learner.org/interactives/dyna
micearth/plate.html
• News about Haiti:
http://www.cbsnews.com/news
/four-years-after-earthquakehaiti-says-its-makingcomeback/
HAITI
CALIFORNIA
JAPAN
INDIA
Think Earthquakes are rare?
• Think again:
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=eart
hquake
• Over half a million magnitude 1 earthquakes a
year!
Earthquake Versatiles
• Finish for homework
–Write letter and word for answers
–Cite evidence for each questions by
highlighting/underlining passage in
reading that supports answer
–All 12 numbers should be displayed on
reading
Transform Review
1. Draw a transform boundary.
2. What natural disaster or physical feature is
caused at a transform plate boundary?
3. How are volcanoes and earthquakes related?
Bell Ringer
• Classify the following as constructive (C),
destructive (D), or both (B)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Volcanoes resulting in islands
Erosion
Deposition
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Plate Tectonics Gizmo
• Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and other features of
Earth’s surface owe their origin to the movements of
plates: enormous, slowly-moving sections of Earth’s crust.
At plate boundaries, plates collide, move apart, move
under or over each other, or slide past one another. The
theory of plate tectonics describes how the plates move,
interact, and change the physical landscape.
• Turn on Show labels. What are the layers of Earth that you
can see?
• Turn on Boundary name, and click on each boundary. What
four boundaries do you see?
Plate Boundary Organizer
• When finished, organize the information
about convergent (subduction and collision),
divergent, and, transform boundaries using
the information in your notebooks.
• Homework if not finished in class.
Bell Ringer
• Write down the three words: Divergent,
Transform, and Convergent
• Put the words below under the correct term
–Moving together
–Moving apart
–Sliding past
–Earthquakes
–San Andreas Fault
-Trenches
-Mountains
-New crust
-Mid-Atlantic ridge
-Volcanoes
Snack Plate Tectonic Lab!
Follow directions and work hard or you won’t
get to eat it!
Expectations!
Snack Tectonic Lab Questions
• Like all labs, this comes with questions as
well. When you are done performing the
step, answer the questions.
• If you fall behind, make sure you go back
and complete the questions before
turning in your lab.
1:03
1:32
1:53
Snack Tectonic Lab Closure
• From the lab questions, be prepared
to share with the class your answers
to question #16 and #17.
• Homework: Plate Boundaries Map
Worksheet (1/2)
Bell Ringer
1. Give one example of how plate movement
directly affects the construction of earth’s
surface (#16 on lab)
2. Give one example of how plate movement
directly affects the destruction of earth’s
surface (#17 on lab)
THE OCEAN FLOOR
THE OCEAN FLOOR
• Many of today’s continent’s were once underground
• Georgia was under an inland sea hundreds of
millions of years ago
• Just like the continents, the ocean floor has
mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and plains
• How do we get information about the ocean floor?
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/env
ironment-news/us-ocean-floor-mapping-vin/
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Continental Shelf: A
long, gently inclined
area where continent
enters ocean
• Continental Slope:
Steep side of
continental shelf that
is the end of the
continent
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Mid ocean ridge=
An underwater
mountain range
where new crust
forms when plates
move apart.
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge-world’s
longest ridge formed by the
North and South American
plates diverging from the
Africa and Eurasian plate
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Abyssal plain= flat
areas on the ocean
floor between the
continental slope or
trench and a midocean ridge
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Seamount:
Underwater
Volcano
• Beach: Forms as a
result of waves and
currents moving sand
and sediment toward
the shore
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Trench= steep, deep cavern on the ocean floor that
forms when plates converge and one plate is
subducted under another
• Mariana Trench : 36,201 feet (near Guam)
• It’s so deep that you could fit Mt. Everest inside of it!
THE OCEAN FLOOR
Label the picture of the ocean floor using your K.I.M Chart.
Disney Ride Task
• You have been hired by Disney to create a new ride at Disney World
modeling the ocean floor. You need to have a script for your Disney
imagineer to say to the patrons during the ride (describing the
features), as well as a picture of your ride. The sketch of the ride and
the script must include:
– Label 7 features on your picture of the ride
– Highlight/Underline 7 features in your script
1.
2.
3.
4.
Continental Slope
Abyssal Plain
Seamount
Mid-Ocean Ridge
5. Continental Shelf
6. Beach
7. Trench
Rubric:
–
–
–
–
Diagram of ride: 35 points (5 points each feature)
Imagineer Script: 35 points (5 points DESCRIBING each feature)
Neat/Colorful: 10 points
On-Task: 20 points (10 points/day)