Public Policy
Analysis as a
for improving
Governance
tool
SOAS OUM
Mauritius, Le Morne
March 31, 2014
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A n a l y s i s a n d
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An introductory example
2005
Ministry Social Affairs reformed Social Assistance
in The Netherlands
Social Assistance (Bijstand) = cash benefits for the
poor guaranteeing a minimum income to all residents
Devolution (= decentralisation of [part of] the
financing and the implementation)
Governance
• Many definitions, many ways to
describe/analyse its elements
• For this presentation focus on 2 elements
• TRANSPARENCY
• ACCOUNTABILITY
Tranparency
Clarity in policy decision making
Clarity in policy design
Clarity in policy process
Transparency in Policy Design
• Policy Objectives
• Policy Instruments
• Policy Results
– Expected results
– Risks (an their impact on the expected results)
– Analysis of the unintended consequences
• Financing
– How much
– Paid by whom
– (unfunded) mandates
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan
Transparency in Policy Process
• Decision makers and consultations
• Who are the actors – single actor – multiple
actors (governance)
• Their roles and weights
• Consultations
• Who is listened to formally and informally
(voters, beneficiaries, interest groups,
private interests, NGO’s, parliament,
commissions, …)
Accountability
Amenibility (giving and account)
In political terms
In technical terms
Accountability in political
context
Formal accountability
–
–
–
–
–
Regulations for (semi) public sector institutions
Regulations for private sector institutions
Oversight procedures
Accounting rules
Control rules (of processes, of adequacy of
control mechanisms – e.g. IT, internal – external)
• Informal accountability
– Accountability to voters (all voters?) to
beneficiaries (also non-beneficiaries?), to
sponsors (taxpayers? International sponsors?)
Accountability in technical terms
• Monitoring
– Is policy implemented according to formal
processes ?
– Is policy implemented according to the procedures
?
– Are the direct results attained ?
• Evaluation
–
–
–
–
–
Are the objectives met ?
Is the financing secured over the longer term ?
Unintended and unforeseen consequences ?
Incentives and adverse (perverse) incentives ?
Impact evaluations
(Public) Policy Analysis
Policy Design
Monitoring and Evaluation
• Too many aspect in the policy analysis process to be
discussed today (MSc. in Public Policy)
• Focus: illustrating how getting the diagnostics accurate =
contributing to better governance
• Getting the diagnostics as accurate as possible helps in
many steps of POLICY DESIGN and in M&E
• But one preliminary remark
All elements in Policy Design are
important
• Policy Objectives
• Policy Instruments
• Policy Results
– Expected results
– Risks (an their impact on the expected results)
– Analysis of the unintended consequences
• Financing
– How much
– Paid by whom
– (unfunded) mandates
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan
Getting the diagnostics accurate
helps in all the elements of
Policy Design
• Policy Objectives
• Policy Instruments
• Policy Results
– Expected results
– Risks (an their impact on the expected results)
– Analysis of the unintended consequences
• Financing
– How much
– Paid by whom
– (unfunded) mandates
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan
An example on children
• UNICEF and many (if not all) governments
think that it is important to improve the
situation of children
• In order to improve the situation of
children we need to know the situation of
children at the start of our policy design
process
• Situation Analysis is made by UNICEF in all
programme countries (SitAN)
• A tool to describe the situation of children
in a country
• MODA (Multiple Overlapping Deprivation
MODA Ultimate Objectives
• Identifying, locating and profiling poor
and deprived individuals/children
• Understanding why individuals/children
are- and remain poor and under what
conditions poverty is reproduced over the
generation
•
Multidimensional poverty research =
relatively new tool
Poverty and deprivation
• Child is poor when he/she lives in a
household with not enough financial means
• Child is deprived when he/she lacks things
that are needed for its development (clean
water, adequate sanitation, schooling,
health services, …)
• They overlap but are not the same
Overlap between monetary poverty and deprivation among children below the age
of five in Dominican Republic (DHS, 2007)
The single framework: MODA
Multiple Overlapping
Deprivation Analysis
Encompassing:
- Single indicator analysis
- Single dimension analysis
- Multidimensional deprivation counting
- Multidimensional overlap analysis
- Multidimensional poverty indices and their
decomposition
- Profiling in single deprivation and dimension
analysis
- Profiling in multidimensional overlap
analysis
- Focussed on children in current application
but applicable to adults
- Possible thanks to abundant availability of
Application: deprivations:
dimensions and indicators
Figure 2 – Life-cycle stages and dimensions used for the CC-MODA analysis
EU-MODA: Dimensions of
deprivation
Below minimum compulsory
school age
School age, under 16
Age 17-18
(excluding those under one)
• Nutrition
• Clothing
• Early childhood education
and care (ECEC)
• Child development
• Information
• Housing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nutrition
Clothing
Educational resources
Leisure
Social
Information
Housing
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age 17-18: no data for BE, CZ, DK, FI, IS, NL, NO, SE, SI, UK due to high incidence of missing values
Clothing
Activity
Leisure and social
Healthcare access
Information
Housing
• www.unicef-irc.org/MODA
• www.devinfolive.info/eumoda/index.php
Single deprivation analysis
France 0 – 4 years
"Housing quality"
"Sanitation"
19,7%
1,5%
"Overcrowding"
"Internet"
15,7%
"Computer"
Housing
9,7%
"Social"
"Games"
Nutrition
50%
12,4%
25%
Clothing
5,1%
0%
0,4%
"Books at home"
4,4%
"Child care"
"Shoes"
8,3%
"Clothes"
7,6%
"Meat"
"Fruit"
0,0%
Child development
2,0%
8,9%
20,0%
Early years
education
Information needs
13,1%
40,0%
60,0%
80,0%
100,0%
Multidimensional analysis:
COUNTING
Deprivation distribution among children under the age of five in Ethiopia (DHS, 2011)
35%
29%
Number of dimensions
30%
24%
25%
22%
20%
15%
10%
10%
5%
8%
5%
2%
0%
0
1
2
3
4
5
% of children deprived in the specified number of dimensions
6
Multidimensional analysis:
OVERLAP 1
Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Tunisia
Multidimensional analysis:
OVERLAP 2
Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Ethiopia
Profiling 1
Deprivation distribution among children under the age of five living in urban areas,
depending on the relative wealth of their households (Ethiopia, DHS, 2011)
6
0%
No. of deprivations
5
6%
4
3
0%
0%
16%
3%
34%
2
12%
28%
1
22%
14%
32%
0
40%
1%
30%
20%
10%
31%
0%
Poorest 40% in urban areas
10%
20%
30%
Wealthiest 60% in urban areas
40%
Profiling 2
Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Ethiopia
Living in rural areas
Living in urban areas
16%
2%
3 or less children per household
More than 3 children per household
13%
15%
Mother has no or primary education
Mother has secondary/higher education
15%
2%
Insfficient infant feeding
Sufficient infant feeding
14%
11%
Unskilled birth attendant
Skilled birth attendant
17%
7%
At least one child died in household
No child died in household
16%
15%
Poorest 40% in rural areas
Wealthiest 60% in rural areas
17%
14%
Poorest 40% in urban areas
Wealthiest 60% in urban areas
4%
1%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Percentage of children deprived in nutrition, health and water per sub-group
14%
16%
18%
20%
Concluding
• New available data in many areas of (public)
policy
• New statistical and IT options and
technologies
• It is possible make better diagnoses
(Situation Analyses)
• Better diagnoses lead to more transparency
and accountability and thus to better
governance
Better diagnoses lead to more
transparency and accountability and
thus to better governance
• Transparency in policy design (objectives,
instruments, results and financing)
• Transparency in policy process: provides a
better basis for multi-actors to discuss, to
consult
• Accountability: provides a better
identification of the items to be held
accountable for; facilitates the definition
of formal and informal processes
• Accountability: defines the terms in which
M&E should be undertaken
TIAS
School for
Business and
Society
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