Variation in the effectiveness of alternative
broodstock, rearing, and release practices
among three supplemented steelhead
populations - Hood Canal, WA
Barry A. Berejikian and Megan E. Moore
NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries
Science Center, Manchester Research
Station
Acknowledgements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NWFSC Behavioral Ecology Team
Long Live the Kings
Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
US Fish and Wildlife Service
US Forest Service
Hood Canal Private Landowners
Skokomish Tribe
Point No Point Treaty Tribes
Hatchery experiment
• Replicated, before-during-after-control-impact
experiment (RBACI)
• Response variables =
•spawner abundance and spawn timing,
•freshwater productivity (egg to smolt)
•life history diversity
•genetic variation
•Other stuff
(C)
Hood Canal stream habitat and population
traits
Proportion of redds
Standardized streamflow
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
0.50
Kitsap
0.40
Olympic
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-1.0
-1.5
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
L. Quilcene
Hamma
Tahuya
Big Beef
Duckabush
SF Skokomish
Dewatto
Cumulative proportion
Temperature (C)
-2.0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
~April 25
~May 7
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Calendar day
Domestication selection in steelhead
hatcheries
• Ha: Fitness loss caused by
a. Selection for rapid growth rates
and correlated traits (vis. Berejikian
et al. 1996, Reisenbichler et al. 2004,
Araki et al. 2008)
b. Artificial breeding
• Potential solutions: Avoid artificial
breeding and rear to modal age-atsmoltification
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
1 YR
2 YR
85-89
105-109
125-129
145-149
165-169
185-189
205-209
225-229
245-249
265-269
285-289
305-309
• Problem: Late/spring spawn timing of
wild steelhead precludes age-1 smolt
rearing without inducing size selection
after release
Age-at-smoltification in Hood Canal
steelhead populations
Ageing: WDFW ageing laboratory
Hood Canal steelhead hatcheries
LLTK Lilliwaup Hatchery
( C)
Hamma Hamma
Duckabush
Dewatto
Release:
Age-2 smolts
Age-4 and -5 adults
WDFW McKernan Hatchery
SF Skokomish
Variation in egg
collections
Eggs collected/goal
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
Hamma
Hamma
Hamma
Duckabush
Duckabush
Skokomish
Skokomish
Dewatto
Dewatto
0.00
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 1998 1999 2000
Proportion naturally viable
to Ponding
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
Hamma
Hamma
Hamma
Duckabush
Duckabush
Skokomish
Skokomish
Dewatto
0.00
Dewatto
Proportion of viable eggs
1.20
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 1998 1999 2000
Egg collection and release numbers
Number of fish released
River
Dewatto
Dewatto
Dewatto
Dewatto
Dewatto
Brood
Year Redds
2007
16
2008
24
2009
9
2010
7
2011
20
Eggs
collected
9,438
9,327
9,171
5,861
7,276
Duckabush
Duckabush
Duckabush
Duckabush
Duckabush
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
6
8
1
6
9
3,020
6,288
44
3,149
4,756
Skokomish
Skokomish
Skokomish
Skokomish
Skokomish
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
39
50
44
41
35,290
34,813
29,952
29,712
Age-1
0
0
0
51
Age-2
7,375
6,807
6,571
Age-4
226
Age-5
24
0
0
0
140
1,574
4,671
0
164
45
4,091 23,747
200 20,529
0
26,642
0
54
Total
released
7,601
6,807
6,571
51
1,738
4,671
0
140
27,892
20,729
26,642
0
Smolt size
Dewatto
Duckabush
Skokomish
2009
2010
2011
250
200
150
100
50
0
McKernan Hatchery
Lilliwaup Hatchery
200
180
May
200
Duckabush
be show individual population
160
Body weight (g)
Body weight (g)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
180
Body weight (g)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
120
100
80
60
20
0
200
140
40
20
0
Dewatto
Skokomish
180trajectories
growth
Smolt quality
Skokomish
1.00
0.80
1
2
3
M
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
2009
2010
2011
Smolt index is significantly
correlated with early marine survival
(Moore et al. in prep)
Acoustic Telemetry
Photo by Teresa Sjostrom
Moore et al. in review
Big Beef (Wild)
Hamma (L-Hatch)
Big Beef (Wild)
Big Beef (Wild)
Skokomish (Wild)
Skokomish (Mc-Hatch)
Big Beef (Wild)
Duckabush (L-Hatch)
Skokomish (Wild)
Skokomish (Mc-Hatch)
Big Beef (Wild)
Skokomish (Wild)
Skokomish (Mc-Hatch)
Percent survival
Early marine survival
(release to Hood Canal Bridge)
120
PR-RM
(FW)
100
RM-HCB
80
60
40
20
0
2006
2006
2007
2008
2008
2008
2009
2009
2009
2009
2010
2010
2010
Moore et al. 2010 and Moore et al. in prep
Why differences in smolt
quality?
Lilliwaup Hatchery
(Duckabush & Dewatto)
McKernan Hatchery
(Skokomish)
8.9º C
8.6 º C
Feed Manufacturer
Bio-Oregon
Bio-Oregon
Feeding frequency
3x/d, 4 days/wk
2-3x/d, 7 days/wk
Mean density index (to age-1)
0.0066
0.290
Mean density index (age-1 to age-2)
0.0065
0.056
Vessel size/shape (to age-1)
10’ circular
16’ circular
Vessel size/shape (age-1 to age-2)
20’ circular
12 x 140’ raceway
2
1
Mean water temperature
# of size sorts (to age-1)
Spawner abundance estimates
450
First year of
hatchery spawners
400
Abundance estimate
350
300
Control streams
250
Duckabush
200
Dewatto
150
SF Skokomish
100
50
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Summary
• Juvenile steelhead rearing regimes can be
modified to match modal age-at-smoltification
and natural smolt size
• Smolt quality and precocial male maturation can
vary substantially between hatcheries even
under the same protocols
• Rearing density may warrant a closer look
• Simple metrics for smolt quality correspond to
early marine survival estimates
Extra Stuff Follows
Berejikian et al. 2011b. Env. Biol. Fish.
Early marine survival
PR-RM (FW)
RM-HCB
April 15, 2013
312
2811
Skokomish (Mc-Hatch)
June 6, 2012
Skokomish (Wild)
April 1, 2012
Skokomish (Mc-Hatch)
3630
Skokomish (Wild)
403
Skokomish (Mc-Hatch)
April 15, 2013
Skokomish (Wild)
March 7, 2012
Big Beef Creek
January 1, 2012
Duckabush (L-Hatch)
Rearing TU
Big Beef (Wild)
Rearing days
Big Beef (Wild)
Release
Big Beef (Wild)
Emergence
Hamma (L-Hatch)
Spawning
Big Beef (Wild)
Percent survival
100
90
80
70
60
50
Population
40
30
Traditional
20
10
Wild
0
2006 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 2010 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010