Plankton and Their Importance in the Marine Ecosystem Video Types of Plankton Phytoplankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Bacterioplankton Phytoplankton Importance • Make up most of Earth’s biomass – Biomass = the mass of living organisms • Phytoplankton produce about half of Earth’s oxygen through primary production • Phytoplankton remove carbon dioxide from atmosphere • Support the rest of the food web Phytoplankton Adaptations for Phytoplankton Success • SIZE – Small is better! The smaller the cell is the easier diffusion takes place. • Delay Sinking – Due to heavy cell walls, phytoplankton tend to sink away from the light they need. If the rate at which they sink is decreased there is a chance they may get pushed back to surface (upwelling). Viscosity and Size • Surface Area to Volume Ratio Viscosity and Size • Larger surface area to volume ratio = large surface area for frictional resistance to sinking – Good for plankton to be small • Larger SA/V ratio also increases efficiency of nutrient uptake and waste disposal – Cube a would take up nutrients and dispose of waste 3 times more efficiently than cube c Decreasing the Sinking Rate • Increase friction with horns, wings, and other cellular projections. • Zig Zag or spiral down the water column. https://web.duke.edu/nicholas/bio217/jrc25/ impacts.html • Some have gas filled floats. Phytoplankton’s Preferences • “Cold” water (species dependent) – More nutrients – More gases – Slower sinking rate – Maintain a position near surface for light • BUT!!! Earth’s waters are warming… http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20060925/ http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20060925/ Effects of Climate Change thus far… • Average global temperature increase of about 1°F (0.6°C) over the past century • Average ocean temperature increase in that time of 0.18°F (0.1°C). – Warming has occurred from the surface to a depth of 2,300 ft (700 meters) – Majority of most marine life lives here Cold vs. Warm Water Species Cold Water Species • Higher viscosity waters • Floating organisms larger • Few appendages • Slower growing – lower rate of biological activity • More total biomass Warm Water Species • Lower viscosity waters • Floating organisms smaller • Often have ornate plumage • Faster growing – higher rate of biological activity • More total species Will warming waters affect phytoplankton? • Design a plankton and test the sinking rate in both cold and warm waters • Write your hypothesis on data sheet How will increasing temperatures affect phytoplankton specifically? • Decrease in viscosity of water = increase in sinking rate • Removal of plankton from sunlight waters • Implications in carbon cycle (land and ocean) and oxygen production • Can plankton adapt quickly enough??